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Nutrition Science > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Brief overview of what the immune system includes

A

Primary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphatic tissues

Various cells in the innate + adaptive immune system

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2
Q

What comes under the primary lymphoid organs of the immune system

A

Thymus

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What comes under the secondary lymphatic tissues

A

Spleen

Tonsils

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes

Adenoids

Skin

Liver

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4
Q

What comes under innate leukocytes (WBC)

A

Phagocytes

Mast cells

Eosinophils

Basophils

Natural killer (NK) cells

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5
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES

What comes under phagocytes?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Dendritic cells

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6
Q

Functions of innate leukocytes

A

Identify + eliminate pathogens

Mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system

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7
Q

What are MHC I molecules?

A

Proteins on the surfaces of all nucleated cells that help the immune system distinguish between “self” (body cells) and “non-self” (foreign cells).

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8
Q

What do MHC I mol do if the cell is infected?

A

MHC I mol displays fragments of proteins from the infectious agents to T-cells.

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9
Q

Do healthy cells display MHC I molecules?

A

No so are ignored by the immune system.

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10
Q

What happens to cells identified as “non-self” by foreign proteins?

A

Will be attacked by the immune system.

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11
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

Role of the Thymus

A

Provides an env for the development of T cells from heamatopoietic progenitor cells.

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12
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

When is the Thymus its largest + most active?

A

During the neonatal + pre-adolescent period of development.

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13
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

By what stage in life does the thymus begin to atrophy and what else happens?

A

Early teens

Thyme stroma is replaced by adipose tissue

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14
Q

When does T-lymphopoiesis occur?

A

All through life.

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15
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

Role of the bone marrow

A

RBC prod in the heads of long bones.

Red bone marrow is a key element in the lymphatic system as it generates lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.

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16
Q

What do the PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS have to do with lymphocytes?

A

They’re involved in the prod + early selection of lymphocytes.

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17
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

Network carrying lymph fluid unidirectionally towards the heart.

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18
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Transportation of WBC to + from lymph nodes into bones

Transportation of antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.

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19
Q

What does the spleen act as?

A

A blood filter

  • Removes antibody-coated bacteria + anti-body coated blood cells through blood + lymph node circulation
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20
Q

What does the spleen synthesise??

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

Lymph nodes are widely distributed throughout the body, give some examples of where they can be found

A

Armpit

Stomach

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22
Q

What are lymph nodes linked by?

A

Lymphatic vessels

23
Q

Purpose of lymph nodes

A

Act as filters for foreign particles

Important in the functioning of the immune system

24
Q

What are lymph nodes packed tightly of?

A

WBCs called lymphocytes + macrophages.

25
Q

What in the skin is part of the adaptive immune system?

A

Langerhans cells

26
Q

What does the reticuloendothelial system of the liver contain?

A

Immunologically active cells acting as a sieve for antigens carried to it via the portal system.

27
Q

What do leukocytes (WBCs) do?

A

Defend body vs disease + foreign material.

28
Q

List the innate leukocytes

A

Phagocytes

Mast cells

Eosinophils

Basophils

Natural killer (NK) cells

29
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES

Name the types of phagocytes that invade pathogens

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

30
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES

Phagocytes that invade pathogens - Neutrophils

Where are neutrophils normally found?

A

In bloodstream

31
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES

What is the most abundant type of phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils

32
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - PHAGOCYTES

What do neutrophils do at the acute phase of inflammation?

A

They migrate towards the site of inflammation + are the 1st cells to arrive at the scene of infection.

33
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - PHAGOCYTES

Where do macrophages reside?

A

In tissues + produce chemicals.

34
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - PHAGOCYTES

What do macrophages do?

A

Get rid of worn-out cells in the body

Act as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system.

35
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Phagocytes in tissues in contact w/ the external env + are located mainly in skin, nose, lungs, stomach + intestines.

36
Q

What do dendritic cells serve as?

A

A link between bodily tissues + the innate + adaptive immune system due to presenting antigens to T-cells.

37
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - MAST CELLS

Where are they located?

A

Connective tissues

Mucous membranes

38
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - MAST CELLS

Purpose

A

Regulate inflammatory response

39
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - MAST CELLS

What are they associated with?

A

Allergy + anaphylaxis

40
Q

INNATE LEUKOCYTES - BASOPHILS + EOSINOPHILS

What do they do?

A

Secrete chemical mediators involved in defending against parasites

Also play a role in allergic reactions.

41
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

What are they?

A

Lymphocytes (special types of leukocytes)

42
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Major types of lymphocytes

A

B cells

T cells

43
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Where are lymphocytes derived from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

44
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

T cells

What do they focus on?

A

Specific foreign particles rather than attacking just any antigens.

They circulate until they encounter their specific antigen.

45
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

T cells

What do they do?

A

Directly kill infected host cells, activating other immune cells, prod cytokines + regulate the immune response.

46
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

T cells

What are the 2 major subtypes?

A

Killer T cells

Helper T cells

47
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

T cells

Killer T cells

A

Kill cells infected w/ the virus

48
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

T cells

Helper T cells

A

Reg innate + adaptive immune responses

Help determine which response the body makes according to the pathogen present.

49
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LYMPHOCYTES

B cells

A

Antigen-specific receptor is an antibody mol on the B cell surface which recognises whole pathogens w/out any need for antigen processing.

50
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Natural resistance through physical, chemical + cellular approaches.

51
Q

What are natural killer cells a part of?

A

Innate immune response

52
Q

What do NK cells do as a part of the innate immune response??

A

Recognise abnormal MHC I mol on infected/tumour cells + kills them.

They identify + destroy cells infected by pathogens.

53
Q

What does a NK cell do if it detects an infected or tumour cell?

A

Granules of perforin are secreted from its cytoplasm.

Perforin = Destructive protein creating a pore in target cell.

Granzymes are released in the immunological synapse.

Granzymes = Induces a target cell to undergo apoptosis.

== Phagocytic cells digest cell debris left behind.

54
Q

What are NK cells an effective mechanism for?

A

Controlling pot infections + preventing cancer progression.

Nutrition Science (17 decks)

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