Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology by week > W25 - Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

W25 - Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

A rapid onset diarrheal illness, lasting less than 2 weeks with diarrhoea (loose and unformed stool) three or more times a day or at least 200 g of stool which is either viral or bacterial in aetiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acute, persistent, and chronic diarrhoea?

A

Acute = less than 14 days (viral or bacterial usually)

Persistent = between 14-29 days

Chronic = >30 days (non-infectious or parasites usually)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smll bowel diarrhoea is usually ….

Large bowel diarrhoea is usually ….

A

Smll bowel diarrhoea = watery, associated with crampy abdominal pain, bloating, gas. Usually no blood or fever.

Large bowel diarrhoea = small volume, painful stool which occurs often with blood, mucus, fever, and accompanying inflammatory cells found in stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 RF categories for gastroenteritis

A
  1. Foodborne
  2. Exposure related (travel, occupation, animal contact, childcare facility, outbreak)
  3. Host related (immunosuppressed, MSM, young, elderly, anal-genital, oral-anal, or digital-anal contact, haemochromatosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of gastroenteritis?

A) more than 2 weeks of symptoms

B) more than 1 week of symptoms

C) more than 3 weeks of symptoms

A

B) more than 1 week of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

Aortitis, osteomyelitis, deep tissue infection

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

salmonella

yersinia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

haemolytic anaemia

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

campylobacter

yersinia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

glomerulonephritis

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

shigella

campylobacter

yersinia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

STEC (shiga-toxin producing e coli)

shigella dysenteriae serotype 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

erythema nodosum

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

Yersinia

campylobacter

salmonella

shigella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

Reactive arthritis

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

Salmonella

shigella

campylobacter

yersinia

rarely giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gastroenteritis - extra-intestinal manifestations:

meningitis

Which pathogens are mostly responsible for these?

A

listeria

salmonella (infants <3m of age are at high risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

staphylococci gastroenteritis:

  • spread by?
  • catalase? cogulase? G stain features
  • blood agar features
  • clinical picture
A

staphylococci gastroenteritis:

  • spread by skin lesions on food handlers
  • catalase +, coagulase + G+ cocci clusters
  • yellow colonies on blood agar
  • clinical picture = prominent vomiting + watery, non-bloody diarrhoea

(self limiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the bacteria associated with chinese fried rice?

A

Bacillus Cereus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is bacillus cereus problematic in chinese fried rice?

A

B/c spores of bacilus cereus germinate in reheated fried rice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bacillus cereus:

  • Gram properties?
  • types of toxin?
  • Clinical picture of gastroenteritis?
A

Bacillus cereus:

  • Gram properties = G+ rod spores
  • types of toxin = 2 types, 1) heat stable emetic toxin and 2) heat labile diarrhoeal toxin
  • Clinical picture of gastroenteritis = watery, non-bloody diarrhoea, self-limited
18
Q

Clostridia are a gram positive/negative aerobe/anaerobe group

A

Clostridia are a gram positive anaerobe group

19
Q

2 groups of clostridium and what they each cause?

A
  1. Clostridium botulinum = botulism
  2. Clostridium pefringens = food poisoning
20
Q

Clostridium botulinum:

  • Source:
  • Pathophysiology:
  • Clinical picture:
A

Clostridium botulinum:

  • Source: canned or vacuum packed food (honey)
  • Pathophysiology: ingestion of preformed toxin (inctivated by cooking)
  • Clinical picture: botulism via blocked Ach release from PNS
21
Q

Clostridium pefringens

  • Source:
  • Pathophysiology:
  • Clinical picture:
A

Clostridium pefringens

  • Source: reheated food (meat)
  • Pathophysiology: superantigen (enteroxin affects small bowel)
  • Clinical picture: food poisoning with watery diarrhoea, cramps, litte vomiting lasting 24h
22
Q

Clostridium difficile can cause ___ ____

A

Clostridium difficile can cause Pseudomembranous colitis

23
Q

Clostridium difficile:

  • 2 toxins?
  • when does it usually occur?
  • Treatment?
A

Clostridium difficile:

  • 2 toxins = toxin A (endotoxin), toxin B (cytotoxin)
  • when does it usually occur = after/during abx course
  • Treatment = vancomycin (PO), stop abx where possible
24
Q

Listeria monocytogenes:

  • bacterial properties?
  • growth temp?
  • type of infection?
  • treatment?
A

Listeria monocytogenes:

  • bacterial properties = G+, B haemolytic, tumbling motility
  • growth temp = 4 degrees celcius (refrigeration causes cold enhancement)
  • type of infection = watery diarrhoea, cramps, fever, little vomiting
  • treatment = amoxicillin
25
Q

Travellers diarrhoea is caused by…

A

E coli (mainly ETEC - enterotoxigenic E coli)

26
Q

salmonella enterocolitis:

  • transmission?
  • bacteraemia?
  • clinical picture?
  • treatment?
A

salmonella enterocolitis:

  • transmission = poultry, eggs, meat
  • bacteraemia = infrequent (<5%)
  • clinical picture = inflammatory diarrhoea, fever, mucus, or bloody stools
  • treatment = usually none, resolves in 7 days
27
Q

salmonella typhi (typhoid fever):

  • transmission?
  • bacteraemia?
  • clinical picture?
  • treatment?
A

salmonella typhi (typhoid fever):

  • transmission = only by humans
  • bacteraemia = blood culture + in 40-80%
  • clinical picture = slow onset fever and constipation, splenomegaly, rose spots, anaemia, bradycardia, hemorrhage, perforation, BM involvement in some cases. first constipated, then diarrhoea a few weeks later.
  • treatment = abx course
28
Q

Shigella:

  • Transmission?
  • Toxin?
  • Clinical picture?
  • Treatment?
A

Shigella:

  • Transmission = contaminated food, animal contact, MSM population high risk
  • Toxin = shiga toxin
  • Clinical picture = abdo pain + diarrhoea, bloody in 50%, fever, vomiting
  • Treatment = self-limiting to about 7 days. abx if persistent.
29
Q

Vibrio cholerae:

  • transmission?
  • toxins?
  • Clinical picture?
A

Vibrio cholerae:

  • transmission = contamination of water and food from human faeces (shellfish, oyster, shrimp)
  • toxins = enterotoxin A and B (causes stimulation of small bowel)
  • Clinical picture = massive diarrhoea (rice water stool) without inflammatory cells
30
Q

Most common cause of gastroenteritis when cruising in the Carribean or when in Japan?

  • source?
A

vibrio parahaemolyticus

  • source: ingestion of raw or undecooked seafood (oysters)
31
Q

Campylobacter:

  • transmission?
  • clinical picture?
  • treatment?
  • complications?
A

Campylobacter:

  • transmission = via contaminated food and water with animal faeces
  • clinical picture = watery, foul-smelling diarrhoea + blood, fever, severe abdo pain. loos stools >10xday
  • treatment = often self-limiting, lasts 7d. only treat if prolonged.
32
Q

3 complications from campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A
  1. GBS syndrome
  2. reactive arthritis
  3. Reiter’s
33
Q

Name 3 protoza that cause gastroenteritis?

A
  1. Giardia lamblia
  2. Entamoeba histolytica
  3. Cryptosporidium parvum
34
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

  • pathophysiology
  • Clinical picture
  • Treatment

-

A

Entamoeba histolytica

  • pathophysiology = ingestion of cysts => trophozoites in ileum => colonise cecum, colon => flask shaped ulcers
  • Clinical picture = no symptoms to severe symptoms = Amoebiasis = dysentery, flatulence, tenesmus, weight loss, diarrhoea (chronic), liver abscess
  • Treatment = metronidazole + paromomycin

-

35
Q

Giardia lamblia:

  • Transmission?
  • Clinical picture?
  • Treatment?
A

Giardia lamblia:

  • Transmission = ingestion of cyst from faecally contaminated water/food, common in travellers, hikers, day care, MSM
  • Clinical picture = foul-smelling non-bloody dairrhoea, cramps, flatulence, no fever
  • Treatment = metronidazole
36
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum:

  • Transmission?
  • Clinical picture?
  • Treatment?
A

Cryptosporidium parvum:

  • Transmission = contact with contaminated water
  • Clinical picture = watery diarrhoea, severe in immunocompromised
  • Treatment = reconstitution of immune system
37
Q

Noravirus:

  • ID?
  • Transmission?
  • Clinical picture?
A

Noravirus:

  • ID = very low (hence causes outbreaks)
  • Transmission = faeco-oral route
  • Clinical picture = watery diarrhoea for 2-3 days
38
Q

Rotavirus:

  • Where does it replicate?
  • Who is affected?
  • Clinical picture?
A

Rotavirus:

  • where does it replicate = mcosa of small intestine
  • Who is affected = children 6m to 2 years usually. sometimes elderly
  • Clinical picture = 3-8 d of watery diarrhoea, vomiting less prominent than in norovirus
39
Q

Which extra-intestinal manifestations are associated with salmonella infection?

A) erythema nodosum

B) abscess formation

C) aortitis

A

C) aortitis

40
Q

Which virus is commonly associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks?

A) Adenovirus

B) Noravirus

C) Rotavirus

A

B) Noravirus

Pathology by week (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions