W2 - Fundamentals of histology

Question 1

Which immune cells are associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 1

neutrophils

Question 2

Which immune cells are associated with chronic inflammation?

Answer 2

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 3

Which immune cells are associated with lymphomas?

Answer 3

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 4

histology features of lymphomas?

Answer 4

sheets of lymphocytes

Question 5

What are eosinophils associated with?

Answer 5

• allergic reactions
• parasitic infections
• tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease

Question 6

Neutrophil histology features

Answer 6

• 12-14 µm diameter = look bigger than the surrounding RBCs
• a single, multilobed (2-5 lobes) nucleus,

Question 7

Lymphocyte histology features

Answer 7

• 6-14µm in diameter
• a small spherical nucleus with abundant dark staining condensed chromatin
• Not much cytoplasm can be seen

Question 8

Eosinophil histology features

Answer 8

• 12 - 17 µm in diameter
• two lobes to their nucleus
• large acidophilic specific granules which stain bright red, or reddish-purple.
• These granules contain proteins that are ‘destructive’ and toxic.

Question 9

What are macrophages associated with?

Answer 9

• late acute inflammation
• chronic inflammation (including granulomas)

Question 10

What is Ziehl-Neelson stain used for?

Answer 10

Acid fast bacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Question 11

___________ cells become ________ once they enter _______ tissue

Answer 11

monocyte, macrophages, resident

Question 12

What are mast cells?

Answer 12

Mast cells are long-lived tissue-resident cells, located at the boundaries between tissues and the external environment, for example, at mucosal surfaces of the gut and lungs, in the skin and around blood vessels.

Question 13

What are mast cells associated with?

Answer 13

• parasitic infection
• allergic reactions

Question 14

Name the main 4 types of tumours and what is their respective origins?

Answer 14

1. Carcinomas - epithelial cells
2. Sarcomas - connective tissue (bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat, and blood vessels)
3. Lymphomas - lymphatic system (LNs, spleen, thymus and BM)
4. Melanomas - melanocytes

Question 15

Name the 3 types of carcinomas

Answer 15

1. Squamous cell carcinomas
2. Adenocarcinomas
3. Transitional cell carcinomas

Question 16

Describe features of squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 16

• keratin production
• intercellular bridges

Question 17

Describe features of adenocarcinomas

Answer 17

• mucin production
• glands

Question 18

Name 6 sites of origin of squamous cancers

Answer 18

1. Skin
2. Head and neck
3. Oesophagus
4. Anus
5. Cervix
6. Vagina

Question 19

Name 6 sites of origin for adenocarcinomas

Answer 19

1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Stomach
4. Colon
5. Pancreas
6. Prostate

Question 20

What are histochemical stains?

Answer 20

Based on the chemical reaction between the stain and a specific component of the tissue.

The product of this reaction has a specific colour or other property which can be identified.

Question 21

Prussian Blue - what stain is this? What disease does it show?

Answer 21

Stains BLUE for iron
haemochromatosis

Question 22

Congo Red - what does a positive stain show?

Answer 22

amyloid in amyloidosis

Question 23

What does apple green birefringence show with a Congo Red stain?

Answer 23

amyloid in amyloidosis

Question 24

What are immunohistochemical stains?

Answer 24

Based on using an antibody specific to an antigen in the tissue.

Need a detection system to make this binding visible.

Question 25

What does each marker indicate?

• Cytokeratin
• CD45
• CK20
• CK7

Answer 25

• cytokeratin = epithelial marker
• CD45 = lymphoid marker
• CK20 = colorectal marker
• CK7 = lung, breast, thyroid, pancreas, and female genital tract (ovaries, endometrium)

Question 26

CK7(-) CK20(+) phenotype association?

Answer 26

often associated with carcinomas of colorectal origin