Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology by week > W14 - Neonatal and childhood infections > Flashcards

W14 - Neonatal and childhood infections Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital infections - what (2) do these include?

A
  1. Babies are born with congenital infections (verticlaly from mom to baby)
  2. Infection can occur at any time DURING pregnancy (between 1st trimester to birth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What infectious agents (3) are mothers screened for during pregnancy?

What infectious agents (5) could be tested for but not currently screened regularly?

A
  1. Hep B
  2. HIV
  3. Syphillis
  4. CMV 2. Toxoplasmosis 3. Hep C 4. Group B streptococcus 5. Rubella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the clinical features of congenital infections?

A
  • mom during pregnancy may acquire infection but show no apparent sign
  • neonates have varied presentations and non-specific signs (low platelets; rash; cerebral abnormalities; hepatosplenomegaly; hepatitis; jaundice)
  • congenital infections need to be considered in ANY sick neonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What screening should be done in any sick neonate as part of checking for congenital infections?

A

TORCH screen:

–Toxoplasmosis

–Other – syphilis; HIV; hepatitis B/C

–Rubella

–Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

–Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do we advise pregnancy women to stay away from cat faeces?

A

Toxoplasmosis in foecal-contaminated litter box - can spread transplacentally to feotus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis - describe presentation

A

40% symptomatic at birth:

  • chorioretinitis
  • Microcephaly/hydrocephalus
  • intracranial calcifications
  • seizures
  • hepatosplenomegaly/jaundice

60% may be asymptomatic at birth but may still develop long-term sequelae:

  1. deafness
  2. low IQ
  3. microcephaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 long-term sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis?

A
  1. deafness
  2. low IQ
  3. microcephaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome - what are some clinical presentations?

A

effect on foetus depends on time of infection

Eyes: cataracts, microphthalmia, glaucoma, retinopathy

Ears: deafness

Brain: microcephaly, meningoencephalitis, developmental delay

CVS: PDA, ASD/VSD

Other: growth retardation, bone disease, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopaenia, rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Rash + cataracts in neonate = Congenital Rubella Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the recommendation to a mother presenting with genital HSV in 3rd trimester?

A

High chance of transmission to child in vaginal birth

recommend C section to avoid trnasmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neonate presents with rash (picture) and deranged LFTs - diagnosis?

A

Likely HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can HSV present in neonate?

A
  1. Rash (usually blistering)
  2. Deranged LFTs, jaundice
  3. Encephalitis (inc. seizures)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define neonatal period

A

First 4-6 weeks of life

If born prematurely => neonatal period longer AND is adjusted for expected birth date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If a neonatal infection presents within the first few (max 5 days) from birth, what 3 organisms do you need to think of? Why are these more prevalent?

A
  1. Group B streptococci
  2. E coli
  3. Listeria monocytogenes

These are usually present within the vaginal tract of the mom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Group B Streptococci neonatal infection:

  • Describe their microbiology (G stain, catalase +/-, beta haemolytic +/-)
  • The 3 types of infections they cause in neonates
  • The abx used to treat this
A
  • G+ cocci, catalase negative, beta-haemolytic +
    1. Bactaraemia, 2. Meningitis, 3. Disseminated infection (i.e joint infection)
  • penicillin sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

E coli neonatal infection:

  • Describe their microbiology (G stain)
  • The 3 types of infections they cause in neonates
A
  • Gram - rods
    1. Bactaraemia, 2. meningitis, 3. UTI
19
Q

Name 5 risk factors for early-onset maternal sepsis

A
  1. Preterm rupture of membranes (PROM)/premature labour
  2. Fever
  3. Foetal distress
  4. Meconium staining
  5. Previous history
20
Q

Name 10 risk factors for early-onset sepsis in newborn?

A
  1. Birth asphyxia
  2. Meconium staining
  3. Resp. distress
  4. Low BP
  5. Acidosis
  6. Hypoglycaemia
  7. Neutropenia
  8. Rash
  9. Hepatosplenomegaly
  10. Jaundice
21
Q

Describe treatmetn for early onset neonatal sepsis

A

Supportive management:

  • Ventilation
  • Circulation
  • nutrition
  • antibitoics: i.e. benzylpenicillin (for Group B streptococci), gentamicin (for E coli), +/- amoxicillin (if meningitis susepected - to cover listeria)
22
Q

What are some causative agents for late-onset sepsis (usually presenting within first few weeks of life)

A

Depends on if baby had gone home

  • if baby HAD gone home = big 3 again (Group B streptococci, E coli, Listeria)
  • if baby stayed in hospital = coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), S. areus, and some G-s associated with UTIs (klebsiella, enterococcia, etc)
23
Q

Name some clinical features of neonatal late-onset sepsis

A
  • bradycardia
  • apnoea!!
  • resp distress
  • poor feeding/bilious aspirates/abdo distension
  • irritability
  • convulsions
  • jaundice
24
Q

In terms of causes of death amongst neonates (0-27 days) and post-neonatal children (1-59 months) - what is the commonest cause in each group?

A

Neonates (0-27 days) => prematurity

Post-neonatal (1-59 months) => pneumonia

25
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

  • Microbiology (G stain, plate for growth)
A

Gram negative ROD

chocolate plate

26
Q

What isthe commonest cause of invasive meningococcal infection in the UK?

A

Men B encapsulated group

27
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia

  • Microbiology (G stain, type of haemolysis, serotypes)
  • types of infections typically caused (3)
A
  • Gram + diplococci, ALPHA haemolytic streptococci (green), >90 capsular serotypes
    1. pneumonia
    2. bacteraemia
    3. Meningitis
29
Q

What are the main causes of meninigitis at <3 months of age, 3m-5years of age, and >6 years of age

A

<3/12:

  1. N. meningitidis;
  2. S. pneumoniae; (H. influenzae (Hib) if unvaccinated);
  3. GBS; E. coli; Listeria sp.

3/12 - 5 years:

  1. N. meningitidis;
  2. S. pneumoniae;
  3. (Hib if unvaccinated)

>6 years:

  1. N. meningitidis;
  2. S. pneumoniae
30
Q

UTIs in children; up to ___% of girls and ____% of boys by age 11

A

3% girls and 1% boys by age 11

31
Q

Top 3 causative agents of UTI in children

A
  1. E coli (MAIN)
  2. Proteus species
  3. Klebsiella enterococcus species
  4. Staphylococcus species (i.e. CoNS inc. staph saprophyticus)
32
Q

What is the commonest cause of early onset neonatal sepsis?

A

Group B streptococcus

33
Q

What is the commonest cause of death worldwide in children under 5 years?

A

Prematurity

(followed by pneumonia 13%)

Pathology by week (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions