Voluntary motion

Question 1

there are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. What are?

Answer 1

the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, parts of the pre-frontal cortex, and the parietal cortex

Question 2

what is the primary role of the premotor cortex regarding voluntary motion?

Answer 2

it identifies the intent of the motion and decides what motion to produce

Question 3

what are the two divisions of the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 3

the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-supplementary area

Question 4

what is the role of the SMA?

Answer 4

postural control

Question 5

what is the role of the pre-SMA?

Answer 5

plans the motor program required to make the action occur “what needs to happen in what order”

Question 6

if a plan is not working to open something or achieve a goal, what area is in charge of switching up the plan?

Answer 6

the supplementary motor cortex

Question 7

where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 7

in the pre-central gyrus

Question 8

what is the role of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 8

it controls specific movements, especially those related to moving the arms/ hands to the face/ mouth

Question 9

how is the primary motor cortex arranged?

Answer 9

into columns

Question 10

what layer of the neocortex receives sensory input?

Answer 10

layer 4

Question 11

where is the sensory input into layer 4 coming from?

Answer 11

muscle and joint proprioception

Question 12

which layer is the output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway?

Answer 12

layer 5

Question 13

there appear to be two sets of neurons in each column. What are they?

Answer 13

one to start the motion and one set to maintain it as long as necessary

Question 14

neighboring columns in the primary motor cortex control what?

Answer 14

related motions not neighboring muscles

Question 15

there seems to be 2 kinds of columns. What are they?

Answer 15

1. on/off for the agonist muscle 2. off/on for the antagonist muscle

Question 16

which cortical region determines whether it is “okay” to move and identifies the goal and the motion required to meet that goal?

Answer 16

the premotor cortex

Question 17

what cortical region is responsible for postural controls, identifying the specific motor sequences required, and changes tactics if necessary?

Answer 17

the supplementary motor cortex

Question 18

what cortical region is responsible for coding the individual motions that are required to reach the goal?

Answer 18

the primary motor cortex

Question 19

where is the supplementary motor cortex relaying the information?

Answer 19

to the primary motor cortex

Question 20

from the visual cortex, the visual information coming up the dorsal pathway is going to be relayed where? reaching

Answer 20

to the parietal cortex–> specifically V6A, and the caudal area of the paretal cortex (PEc), medial intraparietal area (MIP) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

Question 21

what area creates the rough map of the space around you?

Answer 21

the ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

Question 22

from the VIP where is the information sent?

Answer 22

to F4 within the premotor cortex

Question 23

What does F4 do with the information?

Answer 23

it creates a detailed map of the space around you

Question 24

what are neurons in the F4 region particularly excited by?

Answer 24

proximity ( the closer the object is, the more they fire)

Question 25

what gives me the map of the body (arm in space)

Answer 25

F2 in the premotor cortex

Question 26

the anterior intraparietal area (AIP cortex) and PFG relay their information where?

Answer 26

to F5 (part of the premotor cortex)

Question 27

Neurons in F5 fire due to what?

Answer 27

the goal of the action, not the motor act itself

Question 28

What is the area of parietal cortex required for grasping?

Answer 28

AIP cortex and PFG

Question 29

what is the area of parietal cortex required for reaching?

Answer 29

V6a, PEc, MIP, and VIP

Question 30

Which part of the brain encodes a motor act?

Answer 30

primary motor cortex

Question 31

what is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 31

sequence complex actions, correct force/direction, balance and eye movements, learning of complex actions

Question 32

the spinocerebellum is responsible for what?

Answer 32

postural control

Question 33

the lateral spinocerebellum is responsible for what?

Answer 33

feedback control of on-going motion ballistic motions/ force and direction

Question 34

the cerebrocerebellum is responsible for what?

Answer 34

planning complex motions and learning

Question 35

the vestibulocerebellum is responsible for what?

Answer 35

future balance and eye movements

Question 36

the spinocerebellum receives input from where?

Answer 36

efferent copy, vestibular, visual and auditory input

Question 37

the lateral spinocerebellum receives input from where?

Answer 37

efferent copy and muscle afferent information

Question 38

the cerebrocerebellum receives input from where?

Answer 38

cerebral cortex related to motion

Question 39

the vestibulocerebellum receives input from where?

Answer 39

vestibular apparatus

Question 40

the spinocerebellum has output to where?

Answer 40

the interpositus and the fastigial nucleus and to the rubrospinal tract

Question 41

the lateral spinocerebellum has output to where?

Answer 41

the interpositus nucleus and to the rubrospinal tract

Question 42

the cerebrocerebellum has outputs to where?

Answer 42

dentate nucleus and back to cortex

Question 43

the vestibulocerebellum has outputs where?

Answer 43

vestibular nucelus

Question 44

What is responsible for the motions of walking, breathing, and chewing?

Answer 44

the central pattern generators (CPGs)

Question 45

in actions such as walking, breathing, and chewing, what is influencing the alpha-motor neurons?

Answer 45

the CPG

Question 46

does the CPG require sensory input?

Answer 46

no it can work in the absence of it

Question 47

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 47

they control the beginning and end of movement

Question 48

where do you start in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

Answer 48

in the striatum

Question 49

what makes up the striatum?

Answer 49

the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Question 50

where do the axons from the striatum project to in the direct pathway?

Answer 50

the SNPR/GPi

Question 51

where do the axons from the striatum project to in the indirect pathway?

Answer 51

to the GPe

Question 52

where do the axons from the GPe project to in the indirect pathway?

Answer 52

to the subthalamic nucleus

Question 53

where do the axons from the subthalamic nucleus project to in the indirect pathway?

Answer 53

to the SNPR/GPi

Question 54

to produce motion, what must we do?

Answer 54

activate the direct pathway and inactivate the indirect pathwat

Question 55

what NT is present to activate the direct pathway/ inactivate the indirect pathway?

Answer 55

dopamine

Question 56

what receptor is found on the neurons in the striatum that are involved in the direct pathway?

Answer 56

D1

Question 57

what receptor is found on the neurons in the striatum that are involved in the indirect pathway?

Answer 57

D2

Question 58

what is the source of the dopamine in the basal ganglia?

Answer 58

the substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 59

what is abolished in parkinson's disease?

Answer 59

the SNPC input

Question 60

What do we use to activate the indirect pathway?

Answer 60

EAA and acetylcholine