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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > Voluntary motion > Flashcards

Voluntary motion Flashcards

1
Q

there are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. What are?

A

the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, parts of the pre-frontal cortex, and the parietal cortex

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2
Q

what is the primary role of the premotor cortex regarding voluntary motion?

A

it identifies the intent of the motion and decides what motion to produce

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-supplementary area

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4
Q

what is the role of the SMA?

A

postural control

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5
Q

what is the role of the pre-SMA?

A

plans the motor program required to make the action occur “what needs to happen in what order”

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6
Q

if a plan is not working to open something or achieve a goal, what area is in charge of switching up the plan?

A

the supplementary motor cortex

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7
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

in the pre-central gyrus

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8
Q

what is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

it controls specific movements, especially those related to moving the arms/ hands to the face/ mouth

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9
Q

how is the primary motor cortex arranged?

A

into columns

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10
Q

what layer of the neocortex receives sensory input?

A

layer 4

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11
Q

where is the sensory input into layer 4 coming from?

A

muscle and joint proprioception

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12
Q

which layer is the output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway?

A

layer 5

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13
Q

there appear to be two sets of neurons in each column. What are they?

A

one to start the motion and one set to maintain it as long as necessary

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14
Q

neighboring columns in the primary motor cortex control what?

A

related motions not neighboring muscles

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15
Q

there seems to be 2 kinds of columns. What are they?

A
  1. on/off for the agonist muscle 2. off/on for the antagonist muscle
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16
Q

which cortical region determines whether it is “okay” to move and identifies the goal and the motion required to meet that goal?

A

the premotor cortex

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17
Q

what cortical region is responsible for postural controls, identifying the specific motor sequences required, and changes tactics if necessary?

A

the supplementary motor cortex

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18
Q

what cortical region is responsible for coding the individual motions that are required to reach the goal?

A

the primary motor cortex

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19
Q

where is the supplementary motor cortex relaying the information?

A

to the primary motor cortex

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20
Q

from the visual cortex, the visual information coming up the dorsal pathway is going to be relayed where? reaching

A

to the parietal cortex–> specifically V6A, and the caudal area of the paretal cortex (PEc), medial intraparietal area (MIP) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

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21
Q

what area creates the rough map of the space around you?

A

the ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

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22
Q

from the VIP where is the information sent?

A

to F4 within the premotor cortex

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23
Q

What does F4 do with the information?

A

it creates a detailed map of the space around you

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24
Q

what are neurons in the F4 region particularly excited by?

A

proximity ( the closer the object is, the more they fire)

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25
Q

what gives me the map of the body (arm in space)

A

F2 in the premotor cortex

26
Q

the anterior intraparietal area (AIP cortex) and PFG relay their information where?

A

to F5 (part of the premotor cortex)

27
Q

Neurons in F5 fire due to what?

A

the goal of the action, not the motor act itself

28
Q

What is the area of parietal cortex required for grasping?

A

AIP cortex and PFG

29
Q

what is the area of parietal cortex required for reaching?

A

V6a, PEc, MIP, and VIP

30
Q

Which part of the brain encodes a motor act?

A

primary motor cortex

31
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum?

A

sequence complex actions, correct force/direction, balance and eye movements, learning of complex actions

32
Q

the spinocerebellum is responsible for what?

A

postural control

33
Q

the lateral spinocerebellum is responsible for what?

A

feedback control of on-going motion ballistic motions/ force and direction

34
Q

the cerebrocerebellum is responsible for what?

A

planning complex motions and learning

35
Q

the vestibulocerebellum is responsible for what?

A

future balance and eye movements

36
Q

the spinocerebellum receives input from where?

A

efferent copy, vestibular, visual and auditory input

37
Q

the lateral spinocerebellum receives input from where?

A

efferent copy and muscle afferent information

38
Q

the cerebrocerebellum receives input from where?

A

cerebral cortex related to motion

39
Q

the vestibulocerebellum receives input from where?

A

vestibular apparatus

40
Q

the spinocerebellum has output to where?

A

the interpositus and the fastigial nucleus and to the rubrospinal tract

41
Q

the lateral spinocerebellum has output to where?

A

the interpositus nucleus and to the rubrospinal tract

42
Q

the cerebrocerebellum has outputs to where?

A

dentate nucleus and back to cortex

43
Q

the vestibulocerebellum has outputs where?

A

vestibular nucelus

44
Q

What is responsible for the motions of walking, breathing, and chewing?

A

the central pattern generators (CPGs)

45
Q

in actions such as walking, breathing, and chewing, what is influencing the alpha-motor neurons?

A

the CPG

46
Q

does the CPG require sensory input?

A

no it can work in the absence of it

47
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

they control the beginning and end of movement

48
Q

where do you start in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

in the striatum

49
Q

what makes up the striatum?

A

the caudate nucleus and the putamen

50
Q

where do the axons from the striatum project to in the direct pathway?

A

the SNPR/GPi

51
Q

where do the axons from the striatum project to in the indirect pathway?

A

to the GPe

52
Q

where do the axons from the GPe project to in the indirect pathway?

A

to the subthalamic nucleus

53
Q

where do the axons from the subthalamic nucleus project to in the indirect pathway?

A

to the SNPR/GPi

54
Q

to produce motion, what must we do?

A

activate the direct pathway and inactivate the indirect pathwat

55
Q

what NT is present to activate the direct pathway/ inactivate the indirect pathway?

A

dopamine

56
Q

what receptor is found on the neurons in the striatum that are involved in the direct pathway?

A

D1

57
Q

what receptor is found on the neurons in the striatum that are involved in the indirect pathway?

A

D2

58
Q

what is the source of the dopamine in the basal ganglia?

A

the substantia nigra pars compacta

59
Q

what is abolished in parkinson’s disease?

A

the SNPC input

60
Q

What do we use to activate the indirect pathway?

A

EAA and acetylcholine

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (17 decks)

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