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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > Histology of the CNS > Flashcards

Histology of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

how would you identify a neuron on a histological slide?

A

it has a cell body with a large nucleus with a well-developed nucleolus, and Nissl substance/bodies

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2
Q

What does it mean when it is said that dendritic spines are plastic?

A

they can either appear or regress if they are not being used

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3
Q

Where does the axon of a neuron appear from the cell body from?

A

the axon hillock

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4
Q

What does neuropil act as?

A

connective tissue for the neuron

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5
Q

What are the neurites that receive information and transmit it to the cell body are called what?

A

dendrites

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6
Q

the granular material that is present in the entire cell body and proximal part of the dendrites?

A

Nissl substance/ nissl bodies

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7
Q

Small projections that extend from the branches of the dendrites?

A

dendritic spines

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the dendritic spines?

A

they increase the receptive area

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9
Q

Where does the action potential originate at?

A

the axon hillock

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10
Q

What does the presynaptic terminal bouton contain?

A

mitochondria and synaptic vesicles containing NTs

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11
Q

what separates the pre- and post-synaptic membranes?

A

The synaptic cleft

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12
Q

What does the post synaptic cell membrane contain?

A

receptors for the NT and ion channels to initiate a new impulse

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13
Q

a synapse in which the postsynaptic membrane is on a dendrite of another neuron is called what?

A

axodendritic synapse

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14
Q

a synapse in which the postsynaptic membrane is on the cell body (soma) of another neuron is called what?

A

axosomatic synapse

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15
Q

A synapse in which the postsynaptic membrane is on the axon of another neuron is called what?

A

axoaxonic synapse

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16
Q

Where do electrical synapses occur?

A

at gap junctions

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17
Q

What do gap junctions contain that link pre- and post-synaptic membranes?

A

they contain connexon proteins

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18
Q

What are the supporting cells in the CNS called?

A

Glial cells

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19
Q

What are the proximal regions of astrocytes reinforced with?

A

intermediate filaments made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

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20
Q

What is the hallmark marker for identifying astrocytes?

A

the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

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21
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

support the neurons, establish the BBB, can remove NTs from the synaptic cleft

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22
Q

when astrocytes extend their processes and contact another structure what do they establish?

A

foot pads known as perivascular feet or perineural feet

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23
Q

what is the role of perineural feet?

A

helps astrocytes reuptake NTs

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24
Q

what is the role of the perivascular feet?

A

they block the pores that are found within the capillary beds that feed into the nervous system–> BBB

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25
Q

where are ependymal cells found?

A

lining the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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26
Q

what type of cells are ependymal cells?

A

columnar or cuboidal cells

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27
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

facilitate the movement of CSF and likely involved in absorption

28
Q

Where is the choroid plexus found?

A

in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricle and parts of the lateral ventricular walls

29
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

thin, well-vascularized pia mater covered by cuboidal ependymal cells

30
Q

what contributes to the blood-CSF barrier?

A

tight junctions (zonula occludens) between epithelial cells

31
Q

what is the role of microglia?

A

remove damaged or inactive synapses or other fibrous components; major mechanism of immune defense in the CNS

32
Q

What do microglia originate from?

A

monocytes

33
Q

what should you look for when trying to identify microglia histologically?

A

a simple elongated nuclei

34
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

they extend processes that enwrap nearby axons in myelin

35
Q

what do you look for when looking for oligodendrocytes histologically?

A

a very round and almost perfectly circular nuclei

36
Q

What are the glial cells in the PNS?

A

neurolemmocytes (schwann cells) and satellite cells

37
Q

What are neurolemmocytes and satellite cells derived from?

A

NCCs

38
Q

What are the functions of neurolemmocytes?

A

myelinate peripheral nerves- providing electrical insulation

39
Q

what are the functions of satellite cells?

A

provide structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies

40
Q

where are satellite cells found?

A

in dorsal root ganglions (DRG)

41
Q

What is the outermost layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

the molecular layer

42
Q

what is found in the molecular layer?

A

fibers and neuroglial cells

43
Q

what is the 2nd layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

external granular later

44
Q

what is the 3rd layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

external pyramidal layer

45
Q

what is the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

inner granular layer

46
Q

what is the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

ganglionic layer

47
Q

what is found in the ganglionic layer?

A

extra-large pyramidal cells (Betz cells)

48
Q

what is the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex?

A

multiform (polymorphic) layer

49
Q

What is a clinical sign of alzheimer’s disease?

A

thinning of gyri- particularly those of the frontal and temporal lobes

50
Q

what is identifiable histologically if a patient has alzheimer’s disease?

A

amyloid (amyloid B) plaques and neurofibullary tangles (tau protein)

51
Q

what is the substantia nigra important for?

A

fine control of motor function

52
Q

what do neurons in the substantia nigra contain?

A

numerous membrane bound granules of neuromelanin pigment

53
Q

What does neuromelanin contain?

A

dopamine

54
Q

what is the role of dopamine?

A

it has inhibitory effects in the brain in areas dedicated to movement

55
Q

what are the distinctive inclusions seen in the remaining neurons in the substantia nigra called?

A

Lewy bodies

56
Q

What are lewy bodies composed of?

A

aggregates of the protein alpha-synuclein and other proteins

57
Q

How many layers make up the cerebellar cortex?

A

3

58
Q

What is the first/ most superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

the molecular layer

59
Q

what is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies (basket cells)

60
Q

what is the second layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

purkinje cells

61
Q

What is the third layer/ deepest layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

granular layer

62
Q

what is located deepest in the cerebellar cortex?

A

the cerebellar medulla

63
Q

where does the central canal of the spinal cord lie?

A

in the central commissure of the gray matter

64
Q

what is found immediately around the neurolemmocytes and consists of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and capillaries?

A

endoneurium

65
Q

what enwraps the fasicles of axons, neurolemmocytes, and endoneurium?

A

perineurium

66
Q

what is a dense irregular fibrous coat in between fasicles and surrounding the peripheral nerve?

A

epinerium

67
Q

what are neurofibrillary tangles formed by?

A

an abnormal accumulation of tau

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (17 decks)

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