Basal ganglia

Question 1

what is the primary influence of the extrapyramidal system upon?

Answer 1

the primary and premotor cortices

Question 2

what forms the anterior portion of the substantia nigra?

Answer 2

the pars reticularis

Question 3

what does the pars reticularis contain?

Answer 3

serotonin and GABA

Question 4

What does the pars compacta contain?

Answer 4

dopamine and melanin

Question 5

Which neurons in the substantia nigra are principally destroyed in parkinson’s disease?

Answer 5

the neurons in the pars compacta

Question 6

what is a sign/symptom of a unilateral lesion of the subthalamus?

Answer 6

contralateral hemiballisums

Question 7

what comprise the ventral striatum?

Answer 7

the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle

Question 8

what is the nucleus accumbens involved in?

Answer 8

encoding new motor programs and cognitive processing of aversion, motivation, reward, and reinforcement learning

Question 9

what kind of behavior is the nucleus accumbens associated with?

Answer 9

addictive behavior

Question 10

what are often called the motor nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 10

the ventral anterior and the ventral lateral nuclei

Question 11

what type of fibers are the nigrothalamic fibers?

Answer 11

non-dopaminergic

Question 12

where do the nigrothalamic fibers originate?

Answer 12

pars reticularis

Question 13

what type of fibers are nigrostriatal fibers?

Answer 13

dopaminergic fibers

Question 14

where do the nigrostriatal fibers originate?

Answer 14

in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

Question 15

what destruction is involved in Huntington’s chorea?

Answer 15

destruction of the inhibitory, gaba-nergic fibers in the striatonigral fiebrs

Question 16

what kind of fibers are the striatonigral fibers?

Answer 16

gaba-nergic fibers

Question 17

are the pallidothalamuc and nigrothalamic fibers excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 17

inhibitory

Question 18

acute anterior poliomyelitis selectively involved what?

Answer 18

the motor neurons of the anterior horns and the cranial nerve motor nuclei

Question 19

What leads you to suspect ALS? (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

Answer 19

LMN and UMN degeneration

Question 20

what are the common features of huntington’s chorea?

Answer 20

dementia, chorea, and behavioral disturbances

Question 21

What are the principal areas of degeneration with cases of huntington’s chorea?

Answer 21

corpus striatum and the cerebral cortex

Question 22

degeneration of the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex result in what?

Answer 22

excessive dopaminergic influence in the degenerated striatum or loss of inhibition from the GABAnergic nerons of the striatonigral pathway

Question 23

what do unilateral lesions of the subthalamus result in? (not the disorder)

Answer 23

a reduction or loss of glutamate inhibition upon the globus pallidus