Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord

Question 1

What does the forebrain eventually become?

Answer 1

cerebral hemispheres and deep structures

Question 2

What does the midbrain eventually become?

Answer 2

the midbrain

Question 3

What does the hindbrain eventually develop into?

Answer 3

the pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Question 4

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 4

the midbrain, pons, and the medulla

Question 5

what makes up gray matter?

Answer 5

neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites

Question 6

what makes up white matter?

Answer 6

collections of axons (many covered with myelin)

Question 7

What are the four prominent sulci of the brain?

Answer 7

central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parietooccipital sulcus, cingulate sulcus

Question 8

What separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

Answer 8

the central sulcus

Question 9

what separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Answer 9

lateral fissure

Question 10

what is found in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?

Answer 10

primary motor areas

Question 11

where are the motor aspects of language processed?

Answer 11

on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe

Question 12

what are the prefrontal association areas responsible for?

Answer 12

emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgement, ability to concentrate, social inhibitions

Question 13

what is the cingulate gyrus responsible for?

Answer 13

it modulates emotional aspects of behavior

Question 14

Where is the postcentral gyrus found?

Answer 14

in the parietal lobe

Question 15

what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 15

it is the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 16

what is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for?

Answer 16

language comprehension

Question 17

what does the remainder of the parietal cortex function as?

Answer 17

it has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention

Question 18

what gyri make up the temporal lobe?

Answer 18

the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

Question 19

what is the inferior surface of the temporal lobe made up of?

Answer 19

occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

Question 20

where is the primary auditory cortex found?

Answer 20

in the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus

Question 21

what is wernicke’s area responsible for?

Answer 21

comprehension of language

Question 22

where is wernicke’s area found?

Answer 22

posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus (usually left) and the supramarginal and angular gyri in parietal lobe

Question 23

which lobe is responsible for higher-order processing of visual information?

Answer 23

temporal lobe

Question 24

which lobe is responsible for learning and memory?

Answer 24

temporal lobe

Question 25

Where is the cuneus found?

Answer 25

it is a wedge-shaped area between the parietooccipital and calcarine sulci of the occipital lobe

Question 26

where is the primary visual cortex found?

Answer 26

in the walls of the calcarine sulcus (occipital lobe)

Question 27

what is the remainder of the occipital lobe known as?

Answer 27

the visual association cortex- involved in higher order processing of visual information

Question 28

Which gyri are included in the limbic lobe?

Answer 28

cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

Question 29

what is the importance of the limbic lobe?

Answer 29

processing complex aspects of learning, memory, and emotion such as fear, anxiety, rage, extreme happiness

Question 30

where is the insular lobe located?

Answer 30

it lies buried in the lateral sulcus

Question 31

what is the term for a portion of a given lobe that overlies another area?

Answer 31

opercula

Question 32

what outlines the insula?

Answer 32

the circular sulcus

Question 33

what is the importance of the insula?

Answer 33

taste processing

Question 34

What makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 34

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

Question 35

what is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 35

it is the gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex

Question 36

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 36

hormonal function, autonomic function, visceral function

Question 37

What is the role of the epithalamus?

Answer 37

*pineal gland* regulates circadian rhythm

Question 38

which fibers connect areas of the cortex in one hemisphere with that of the contralateral side?

Answer 38

commissural fibers

Question 39

what are basal nuclei critical for?

Answer 39

the initiation and the control of voluntary movement

Question 40

what does the pontine tegmentum form?

Answer 40

part of the floor of the 4th ventricle

Question 41

how do posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?

Answer 41

via posterolateral sulcus

Question 42

how do anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord?

Answer 42

via anterolateral sulcus

Question 43

what is the region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn?

Answer 43

substantia gelatinosa

Question 44

where are interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory information housed in the spinal cord?

Answer 44

in the body of the posterior horn

Question 45

what is the white matter that is located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord known as?

Answer 45

Lissauer's tract

Question 46

What are three examples of ascending tracts?

Answer 46

PCMLS, spinocerebellar tracts, and anterolateral system

Question 47

what are three examples of descending tracts?

Answer 47

corticospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, rubrospinal tract

Question 48

What is one key feature of the diencephalon?

Answer 48

the third ventricle is associated with it

Question 49

What is the white matter bundle of fibers traveling via the corona radiata?

Answer 49

the internal capsule

Question 50

what makes up the basal nuclei?

Answer 50

the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus