Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord Flashcards
What does the forebrain eventually become?
cerebral hemispheres and deep structures
What does the midbrain eventually become?
the midbrain
What does the hindbrain eventually develop into?
the pons, medulla, and cerebellum
What makes up the brain stem?
the midbrain, pons, and the medulla
what makes up gray matter?
neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites
what makes up white matter?
collections of axons (many covered with myelin)
What are the four prominent sulci of the brain?
central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parietooccipital sulcus, cingulate sulcus
What separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?
the central sulcus
what separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
lateral fissure
what is found in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?
primary motor areas
where are the motor aspects of language processed?
on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe
what are the prefrontal association areas responsible for?
emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgement, ability to concentrate, social inhibitions
what is the cingulate gyrus responsible for?
it modulates emotional aspects of behavior
Where is the postcentral gyrus found?
in the parietal lobe
what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
it is the primary somatosensory cortex
what is the inferior parietal lobule responsible for?
language comprehension
what does the remainder of the parietal cortex function as?
it has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention
what gyri make up the temporal lobe?
the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
what is the inferior surface of the temporal lobe made up of?
occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
where is the primary auditory cortex found?
in the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus
what is wernicke’s area responsible for?
comprehension of language
where is wernicke’s area found?
posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus (usually left) and the supramarginal and angular gyri in parietal lobe
which lobe is responsible for higher-order processing of visual information?
temporal lobe
which lobe is responsible for learning and memory?
temporal lobe
Where is the cuneus found?
it is a wedge-shaped area between the parietooccipital and calcarine sulci of the occipital lobe
where is the primary visual cortex found?
in the walls of the calcarine sulcus (occipital lobe)
what is the remainder of the occipital lobe known as?
the visual association cortex- involved in higher order processing of visual information
Which gyri are included in the limbic lobe?
cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
what is the importance of the limbic lobe?
processing complex aspects of learning, memory, and emotion such as fear, anxiety, rage, extreme happiness
where is the insular lobe located?
it lies buried in the lateral sulcus
what is the term for a portion of a given lobe that overlies another area?
opercula
what outlines the insula?
the circular sulcus
what is the importance of the insula?
taste processing
What makes up the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
what is the role of the thalamus?
it is the gatekeeper of the cerebral cortex
what is the role of the hypothalamus?
hormonal function, autonomic function, visceral function
What is the role of the epithalamus?
pineal gland regulates circadian rhythm
which fibers connect areas of the cortex in one hemisphere with that of the contralateral side?
commissural fibers
what are basal nuclei critical for?
the initiation and the control of voluntary movement
what does the pontine tegmentum form?
part of the floor of the 4th ventricle
how do posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?
via posterolateral sulcus
how do anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord?
via anterolateral sulcus
what is the region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn?
substantia gelatinosa
where are interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory information housed in the spinal cord?
in the body of the posterior horn
what is the white matter that is located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord known as?
Lissauer’s tract
What are three examples of ascending tracts?
PCMLS, spinocerebellar tracts, and anterolateral system
what are three examples of descending tracts?
corticospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, rubrospinal tract
What is one key feature of the diencephalon?
the third ventricle is associated with it
What is the white matter bundle of fibers traveling via the corona radiata?
the internal capsule
what makes up the basal nuclei?
the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus
