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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > Development of the CNS > Flashcards

Development of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

When does the brain begin to develop?

A

during the 3rd week of development

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2
Q

from what does the brain develop?

A

the neural tube

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3
Q

what is the stopping point of brain development?

A

4th pair of somites

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4
Q

what forms the primary vesicles?

A

fusion of neural folds in the cranial region and closure of the rostral neuropore

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5
Q

how many primary vesicles are there?

A

3

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6
Q

what are the three primary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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7
Q

what does the forebrain further develop into?

A

the telencephalon and the diencephalon

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8
Q

what does the midbrain further develop into?

A

mesencephalon

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9
Q

what does the hindbrain further develop into?

A

the metencephalon and myelencephalon

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10
Q

when do the secondary vesicles form?

A

during the 5th week of development

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11
Q

what do the walls of the telencephalon later become?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

what does the cavity of the telencephalon later become?

A

the lateral ventricles

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13
Q

what do the walls of the diencephalon later become?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

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14
Q

what does the cavity of the diencephalon become?

A

the third ventricle

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15
Q

what do the walls of the mesencephalon become?

A

the midbrain

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16
Q

what does the cavity of the mesencephalon become?

A

the aqueduct

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17
Q

what do the walls of the metencephalon later become?

A

the pons and the cerebellum

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18
Q

what does the cavity of the metencephalon later become?

A

the upper part of the 4th ventricle

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19
Q

what do the walls of the myelencephalon later become?

A

the medulla

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20
Q

what does the cavity of the myelencephalon later become?

A

the lower part of the 4th ventricle

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21
Q

what are the two ventral brain flexures?

A

midbrain flexure and cervical flexure

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22
Q

what is the one dorsal brain flexure?

A

pontine flexure

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23
Q

when do flexures form?

A

as the primary vesicles transition into the secondary vesicles (5th week of development)

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24
Q

what demarcates the hindbrain from the spinal cord?

A

the cervical flexure

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25
Q

what demarcates the metencephalon from the myelencephalon?

A

the pontine flexure

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26
Q

in the caudal myelencephalon, where do neuroblasts in the alar plates migrate to?

A

to the marginal zone

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27
Q

neuroblasts in the alar plates that migrate to the marginal zone become what?

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

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28
Q

what is associated with the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus?

A

the pathway that is responsible for processing proprioceptive information –> PCML

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29
Q

what is found in the basal plates of the caudal myelencephalon?

A

pyramids

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30
Q

what do the pyramids consist of?

A

white matter tracts for the corticospinal pathway (motor)

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31
Q

what is the structure like of the rostral myelencephalon?

A

it is wide and flat

32
Q

what causes the myelencephalon to be wide and flat?

A

the pontine flexure causes the walls of the medulla to move laterally

33
Q

what happens to the roof plate of the rostral myelencephalon?

A

it becomes greatly thinned

34
Q

what is the positioning of the alar and basal plates in the rostral myelencephalon?

A

the alar plates are lateral to the basal plates

35
Q

neuroblasts in the basal plate of the medulla develop into what?

A

motor neurons

36
Q

motor neurons that developed from neuroblasts in the basal plate of the medulla organize their nuclei into what cell columns?

A

general somatic efferent, special visceral efferent, and general visceral efferent

37
Q

neuroblasts in the alar plates of the medulla form neurons that are arranged in what columns?

A

general visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, and special somatic afferent

38
Q

some neuroblasts from the alar plates of the medulla migrate more ventrally compared to the afferent columns and they form neurons in what region?

A

olivary nuclei

39
Q

What forces the walls of the pons to move laterally?

A

the pontine flexure

40
Q

what happens when the pontine flexure forces the pons to move laterally?

A

it spreads the gray matter in the floor of the 4th ventricle

41
Q

What does the cerebellum develop from?

A

the dorsal part of the alar plates

42
Q

Besides the cerebellum, what also develops from the alar plates of the metencephalon?

A

central nuclei, pontine, cochlear nuclei

43
Q

what is the term for when you have pia mater + ependymal roof?

A

tela choroidea

44
Q

neuroblasts from the alar plates of the midbrain migrate into what?

A

the tectum

45
Q

what is formed when neuroblasts from the alar plates of the midbrain migrate into the tectum?

A

the superior and inferior colliculi

46
Q

what do neuroblasts from the basal plate of the midbrain form?

A

the tegmental nuclei

47
Q

what makes up the tegmental nuclei?

A

red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III, CN IV nuclei

48
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

what do fibers growing from the cerebral cortex form in the midbrain?

A

the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)

50
Q

what are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus form from?

A

swellings (3) in the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle

51
Q

what does the pineal gland develop from?

A

as a median outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon

52
Q

what does the hypothalamus arise from?

A

neuroblasts in the intermediate zone in the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

53
Q

what forms on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus?

A

mammillary bodies

54
Q

what does the epithalamus develop from?

A

the roof and dorsal portion of the lateral wall

55
Q

What are the two embryonic sources of the pituitary gland?

A

hypophyseal diverticulum and neurohypophyseal diverticulum

56
Q

what is the hypophyseal diverticulum?

A

an upgrowth of the roof of the stomodeum (oral ectoderm)

57
Q

what is the neurohypophyseal diverticulum?

A

a down growth of the diencephalon (neuro ectoderm)

58
Q

when does the hypophyseal diverticulum project from the roof of the stomodeum?

A

by the 3rd week of development

59
Q

when does the hypophyseal diverticulum pass through the cranium and contact the infundibulum?

A

the 5th week

60
Q

when does the hypophyseal diverticulum regress from the oral cavity?

A

6th week

61
Q

what gives rise to the falx cerebri?

A

mesenchyme trapped in longitudinal fissure

62
Q

When does the corpus striatum appear?

A

in the 6th week

63
Q

What is the diagnosis for an incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres

A

holoprosencephaly (HPE)

64
Q

what are the group of nerve fibers interconnecting the cerebral hemispheres known as?

A

cerebral commissures

65
Q

What is the initial commissure that forms?

A

lamina terminalis

66
Q

where does the lamina terminalis lie?

A

extends from the roof of the diencephalon to the optic chiasm

67
Q

which commissure interconnects the temporal lobes with in each hemisphere?

A

the anterior commissure

68
Q

which commissure interconnects the hippcampi within each hemisphere?

A

the hippocampal commissure

69
Q

what is the condition where there is incomplete neuronal migration during 3-4 months of gestation; smooth cerebral surface?

A

lissencephaly

70
Q

What causes microcephaly?

A

autosomal recessive, ionizing radiation, Zika virus, maternal alcohol abuse

71
Q

How do you get an interthalamic adhesion?

A

when the thalamus fuses at the midline (~70%)

72
Q

what is the connecting stalk of the neurohypophyseal diverticulum?

A

the infundibulum

73
Q

What are the basal nuclei collectively referred to as?

A

corpus striatum

74
Q

What does the corpus striatum separate into?

A

the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus nuclei

75
Q

What is the key underlying regulator in holoprosencephaly?

A

SHH

76
Q

What is the largest commissure that forms from the lamina terminalis?

A

the corpus callosum

77
Q

What does the portion of the lamina terminalis that remains form?

A

the septum pellucidum

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (17 decks)

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