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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > Sensory physiology > Flashcards

Sensory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two schemes by which peripheral nerves are classified?

A

their contribution to a compound action potential and based on fiber diameter

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2
Q

What are the different electrophysiologic classifications of peripheral sensory afferent fibers?

A

A-alpha, a-beta, a-delta, C

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3
Q

What is the class and group of afferent fibers associated with A alpha fibers?

A

Ia and Ib

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4
Q

What is the class and group of afferent fibers associated with Abeta fiebrs?

A

II

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5
Q

What is the class and group of afferent fibers associated with Adelta fibers?

A

III

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6
Q

What is the class and group of afferent fibers associated with C fibers?

A

IV

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7
Q

What is the fiber diameter of Aalpha fibers?

A

large

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8
Q

what is the fiber diameter of C fibers?

A

small

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9
Q

what is the conduction velocity of Aalpha fibers?

A

80-120 m/s (fast)

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10
Q

what is the conduction velocity of C fibers?

A

.5-2 m/s (slow)

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11
Q

what do Aalpha afferent fibers innervate?

A

primary muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ

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12
Q

what do Abeta afferent fibers innervate?

A

secondary muscle spindles and skin mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

what do Adelta afferent fibers innervate?

A

skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors and nociceptors

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14
Q

what do C afferent fibers innervate?

A

skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, and nociceptors

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15
Q

What do Aalpha efferent fibers innervate?

A

extrafusal skeletal muscle fiebrs

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16
Q

what do Agamma efferent fibers innervate?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

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17
Q

What do B efferent fibers innervate?

A

preganglionic autonomic fibers

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18
Q

what do C efferent fibers innervate?

A

postganglionic autonomic fibers

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19
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

hairy and glabrous (hairless)

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20
Q

what are receptors that respond to prolonged and constant stimulation?

A

slowly adapting receptors

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21
Q

what are receptors that respond only at the beginning or end of a stimulus and they are only active when the stimulus intensity increases or decreases?

A

rapidly adapting receptors

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22
Q

What receptor is responsible for touch and vibration less than 100 Hz. Flutter and tapping?

A

meissner corpuscle

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23
Q

What receptor is responsible for rapid indentation of the skin such as that during high-frequency vibration (100-400 Hz)

A

pacinian corpuscle

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24
Q

what receptor is responsible for magnitude and direction of stretch. Touch and pressure and proprioception?

A

ruffini corpuscle

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25
Q

what receptor is responsible for pressure?

A

merkel cell

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26
Q

what receptor is responsible for motion across the skin and directionality of that motion?

A

hair-follicle receptor

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27
Q

what receptor is responsible for pain and temperature?

A

tactile free nerve ending

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28
Q

what is the only high threshold receptor?

A

tactile free nerve endings

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29
Q

what are the rapidly adapting receptors?

A

meissner corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle and hair follicle receptor

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30
Q

what are the slowly adapting receptors?

A

ruffini corpuscle, merkel cell, hair follicle receptor and tactile free-nerve endings

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31
Q

where are meissner corpuscles found?

A

glaborous skin

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32
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles found?

A

both hairy and glaborous skin

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33
Q

where are ruffini corpuscles found?

A

both hairy and glaborous skin

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34
Q

where are merkel cells found?

A

glaborous skin

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35
Q

where is tactile acuity the highest?

A

in the fingertips and lips

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36
Q

where is tactile acuity the lowest?

A

on the calf, back, and thigh

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37
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

in the post central gyrus

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38
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for?

A

the integration of the information for position sense as well as size and shape discrimination

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39
Q

where is the secondary somatosensory cortex found?

A

in the wall of the sylvian fissure

40
Q

what is the secondary somatosensory cortex responsible for?

A

comparisons between objects, different tactile sensations, and determining whether something becomes a memory

41
Q

where does the highest level of interpretation of sensory inputs occur?

A

parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex

42
Q

what is the primary role of the parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex?

A

identification of objects and analyzing coordination of your environment

43
Q

what is the most basic principal that is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of phantom limb pain?

A

law of projection

44
Q

what does the law of projection state?

A

no matter where along the afferent pathway a stimulation is applied, the perceived sensation arises from the origin of the sensation

45
Q

what is the term for increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input and/or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs?

A

hypersensitivity

46
Q

what is increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses?

A

hyperaesthesia

47
Q

what is increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

A

hyperalgesia

48
Q

what is pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain?

A

allodynia

49
Q

What does it mean when it is said that we have a biphasic response to pain?

A

there is a combination of both a and Adelta fibers; initially you have a big quick peak in amplitude being transmitted by the Adelta fibers; then the response is from the C fiber, which is slower to respond

50
Q

Are A delta fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

51
Q

are C fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

52
Q

A delta fibers are responsible for which type of sensation?

A

primarily mechanical pain

53
Q

C fibers are responsible for which type of sensation?

A

polymodal: high-intensity chemical and thermal pain (can be involved in mechanical pain as well)

54
Q

what is the receptive field size of the Adelta fibers?

A

relatively small receptive fields

55
Q

what is the receptive field size of C fibers?

A

receptive field size is relatively larger

56
Q

with A-delta fibers, what is localization like?

A

precise localization of pain

57
Q

with C fibers, what is localization like?

A

imprecise localization of pain

58
Q

Phase I pain would be described as what?

A

sharp

59
Q

Phase II pain would be described as what?

A

dull/throbbing

60
Q

How can pain be characterized by location?

A

somatic/cutaneous pain, muscle pain, deep pain, or visceral pain

61
Q

How is pain characterized by nociceptor modality?

A

mechanical pain, chemical pain, or thermal pain

62
Q

what type of stimuli affect the skin?

A

thermal, mechanical, and chemical

63
Q

what type of stimuli affect the joints?

A

mechanical and chemical

64
Q

what type of stimuli affect the muscle?

A

mechanical and chemical

65
Q

what type of stimuli affect the viscera?

A

mechanical and chemical

66
Q

what are the two reasons we have referred pain?

A

visceral pain is not experienced often enough in early development to train the brain to localize it and afferents converge in the dorsal horn

67
Q

What is one of the biggest families of receptors that respond to noxious stimuli?

A

TRP receptors

68
Q

the TRPVI receptor is specific to what?

A

capsaicin

69
Q

the TRPAI receptor is specific to what?

A

allyl isothiocyanate

70
Q

the TRPM8 receptor is specific to what?

A

menthol

71
Q

what type of receptor is the TRP family?

A

ligand-gated non-selective cation channel

72
Q

what is the TRP receptor permeable to?

A

Ca2+, Na+, or K+

73
Q

Many C fibers express which receptor?

A

TRPV1

74
Q

what endogenous receptors activate the TRPVI receptor?

A

bradykinin (inflammatory mediator) and by heat greater than 43 degrees C

75
Q

what foods have allyl isothiocyanate?

A

mustard oil, wasabi, and horseradish

76
Q

Which receptor do anesthetics work through and what effect do they have?

A

they have paradoxical pro-nociceptive effects by acting through TRPAI

77
Q

How can TRPM8 receptors be activated?

A

innocuous cooling and noxious cold temperatures as well as by cooling agents such as camphor and menthol

78
Q

What do free nerve endings lack?

A

specialized receptor cells or encapsulations

79
Q

if you have a question that is asking what nerve fiber type is this most likely to be and it is releasing EAA and SP/CGRP, what is it?

A

then it is going to be a C fiber

80
Q

neuropeptides do peptidergic fibers express?

A

substance P and CGRP

81
Q

which afferents are peptidergic?

A

most visceral afferents and half of the cutaneous afferents

82
Q

what type of pain/symptoms are peptidergic fibers involved in?

A

chronic inflammation and visceral pain

83
Q

which afferents are non-peptidergic?

A

very few visceral afferents and half of the cutaneous afferents

84
Q

what type of pain/ symptoms are non-peptidergic fibers involved in?

A

somatic chronic pain states (e.g. diabetic neuropathy)

85
Q

what does the activated interneuron release that inhibits the secondary sensory neuron of the nociceptive pathway?

A

glycine

86
Q

what happens in pre-synaptic inhibition?

A

there is a GABAergic associated influx of Cl- into the axon, which leads to hyperpolarization and less NT release

87
Q

what is the insular cortex important for?

A

interpretation of nociception. integrates all signals related to pain

88
Q

damage to the insular cortex results in what?

A

asymbolia

89
Q

what is the amygdala important for?

A

the emotional component of pain

90
Q

what is responsible for the visceral input of visceral pain?

A

hypothalamus and medulla

91
Q

What are the two nociceptive fiber types?

A

A-delta and C fibers

92
Q

what is the location for central sensitization?

A

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

93
Q

what is the location for peripheral sensitization?

A

PNS

94
Q

What is the part affected in central sensitization?

A

synapses between neurons (synaptic plasticity)

95
Q

what is the part affected in peripheral sensitization?

A

free nerve endings/ nociceptor peripheral terminals (neuroplasticity)

96
Q

what is the central inflammation caused by?

A

microglia

97
Q

what is the peripheral inflammation caused by?

A

inflammatory soup–> most know n is bradykinin and prostaglandin E2

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (17 decks)

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