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MRCS Sciences deck > voice shot > Flashcards

voice shot Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline effect on sugar

A

Adrenaline affects the alpha receptors to inhibit insulin and the B receptors to stimulate glycogen release

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2
Q

What is physiological dead space increased by

A

PE

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3
Q

In stress, what decreases

A

Insulin, testosterone and oestrogen

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4
Q

What does cholestatic jaundice reduce the absorption of

A

Vitamin K

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5
Q

What are the factor deficiencies in a massive transfusion

A

Factor 5 and factor 8

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6
Q

Cells of the intestines

A

G cells - Gastrin from the antrum of the stomach
I cells - Cholecystokinin from the upper small intestine
S cells - Secretin from the upper small intestine
D cells - Somatostatin and from the pancreas

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7
Q

What is bleeding time a measure of

A

The platelet function

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8
Q

How does adrenaline affect pancreatic secretions?

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors inhibit insulin and Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate glucagon

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9
Q

Drugs causing SIADH

A

Analgesics
Barbituates
Cyclophosphamide
Diuretics

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10
Q

CSF

A

70% produced by the choroid plexus and 30% from the blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the most common cause for Addison’s disease

A
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12
Q

What is the 60-40-20 rule

A

60% is water
40% is intracellular
20% is extracellular
5% is plasma

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13
Q

How is adrenaline released?

A

Pre-ganglionic splanchnic nerves. Works on the chromaffin cells

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14
Q

What is the first response to hypothermia?

A

Vasoconstriction and then shivering.

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15
Q

What suppresses the release of prolactin

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

What happens to 2,3 DPG and the o2 dissociation curve in chronic anemia

A

2,3 DPG increases and hence the curve shifts to the right

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17
Q

What happens to transferrin acute infection

A

Decreases

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18
Q

What is the pre load the same as

A

End diastolic volume

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19
Q

Why be careful in giving B blockers to patients in renal failure

A

Can cause hyperkalemia

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20
Q

Strokes

A

ACA: contralateral hemi and lower more affected than upper
PCA: Visual loss contralateral
MCA: Both but this time the upper limbs are more affected than the lowe limbs
Wallenberg syndrome or lateral medullary syndrome is caused by posterior inferior cerebellar artery and has ipsilateral symptoms, ataxia but there is no weakness and only sensory loss, Uncoordinated movements
Lacunar: Isolates hemi with ataxia or just isolated hemi
Weber syndrome: CN3 palsy as it is PCA stroke at the level of the midbrain

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21
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

The upper quad defect caused by craniphyrangeoma as the lesion goes upwards and attacks from down
Opposite for pituitary adenoma

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22
Q

Ependydoma

A

33% of CNS tumours below the age of 3. Commonly arise in the 4th ventricle and can extend into foramen magendie and lushka

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23
Q

How is fasciola hepatica transported

A

By eating water cress. It is also known as liver fluke and is a nematode
Diagnose by still sample or cytology
Can be transported by cattle and sheep as well

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24
Q

E coli

A

gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped

25
Q

Strep bovis

A

Associated with carcinoma of the colon and also endocarditis

26
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Most common cause of diarrhoea worldwide. Bloody and diffuse diarrhoea
A gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of bacteria of the family Campylobacteriacae

27
Q

FACT

A

Fournier gangrene eat the skin of the scrotum but SPARES the testes

28
Q

FACT

A

Tertiary syphilis are associated with gomma

29
Q

FACT

A

Actinomyces is associated with sulfur granules

30
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ova and cysts in the stool in someone who has visited sub-Saharan Africa
tx is mebendazole

31
Q

Entamoeba Vermicularis

A

bum worms and caught with tapes. Tx with mebendazole

32
Q

The child needs of IVI

A

below 10 kg is 100ml/kg/day
next 10kg is 50ml/kg/day
above 20 is 20 ml/kg/day

33
Q

What is the triad of TURP syndrome

A

FLuid overload, hyponatraemia and glycene toxicity

34
Q

What is the inotrope that is ok to administer peripherally?

A

meteraminol

35
Q

FFP and platelet transfusion

A

Can cause hypocalcaemia as has chelating agents such as citrate

36
Q

Orchidopexy in a 3 month old type of suture used

A

5/0 vicryl rapide

37
Q

What is the Jenkins rule

A

What is Jenkins Rule? It is a rule for closure of the abdominal wound. It states that for a continuous suture, the length of suture used should be at least four times the length of the wound with sutures 1cm apart and with 1cm bites of the wound edge.

38
Q

About glutarldehyde

A

It is used to clean endoscopes but needs to be removed before use as there is a high risk of developing allergy or even having an allergic reaction

39
Q

RTA or abdominal trauma in Pregnancy

A

Do an emergency CT as FAST scan may not be the best in this instance

40
Q

The most common diaphragmatic hernia

A

Bochdalek - Back

41
Q

Cushing ulcers

A

Associated with BI or tumour and can perforate and be present in the stomach or duodenum

42
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Demineralisation of the bone

Low Ca and phosphatase and raised ALP

43
Q

What is caisson disease

A

Another term for decomp sickness

44
Q

Giant cell tumour

A

Soap bubble appearance and often metastasize to the lung

45
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

On radiology it seems as though there is no differentiation between the cortex and the medulla. These bones are very dense and brittle

46
Q

Klumpe - Claw - low

A

Klumpke is causes claw and is associated with lower trunk palsy

47
Q

Hemi vs total thyroidectomy

A

Below 4cm then hemi otherwise total

48
Q

Parathyroid excision

A

Look golden yellow and sinks down in the saline glass, This is how you would differentiate between parathyroid gland and fat. Also Ca would come down in 10 mins

49
Q

FACT

A

Radiotherapy is standard post breast resections

50
Q

Melanoma with mets and needs surgery and also has a DVT

A

IV heparin and perform surgery

51
Q

FACT

A

Long thoracic nerve arrises from C5 - C7

52
Q

Coeliac disease

A

Splenic atrophy
crypt hypertrophy
hypocalcaemia due to low absorption and villous atrophy
Associated with T cell lymphoma and dermatitis herpetiforms

53
Q

FACT

A

In a pulp infection, there is no space and hence there may not be any fluctuating. Hence, it needs to be released and can cause osteomyelitis and sever hand infection.

54
Q

Most common tumour for pathological bone fracture

A

Breast

55
Q

Extravasation

A

Hyaluronidase for extravasation of contrast material, TPN and vinca alkaloids and cold compress for chemo (doxo for eg).

56
Q

CMV post transplant tx

A

Gancinovir tx for relapse

57
Q

Tx rejection

A

Hyperacute IgG mediated

58
Q

Which breast disease is leaf-like and has papillary projections

A

Phyllodes tumour

MRCS Sciences deck (16 decks)

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