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MRCS Sciences deck > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there

A

11 pairs

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1
Q

Which blood vessel is the Sa and AV node supplied by

A

Right coronary

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2
Q

What is the main arterial blood supply of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

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3
Q

Surfaces and borders of the heart

A

Anterior (or sternocostal) – Right ventricle.
Posterior (base of the pyramid) – Left atrium.
Inferior (or diaphragmatic) – Left and right ventricles.
Right pulmonary – Right atrium.
Left pulmonary – Left ventricle.

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4
Q

The right lung contains a horizontal fissure. What rib does this fissure follow the course of?

A

4th rib

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5
Q

Which part of the mediastinum does the phrenic nerve pass

A

The phrenic nerve passes through the middle mediastinum to innervate the diaphragm

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6
Q

Which anatomical level does the superior vena cava become surrounded by pericardium?

A

2nd costal cartilage

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7
Q

What percentage of lymph node drainage from the breast goes into the axilla

A

The axillary nodes receive approximately 75% of the lymph drainage from the breast, and so are the most likely site for metastasis in breast cancer.

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8
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the trrachea

A

The trachea receives sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve

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9
Q

What is the relation of thoracic duct and oesophagus in the posterior mediastinum

A

Thoracic ducts is posterior and to the left of the aorta at the level of the T5

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10
Q

Where does the thoracic duct normally drain into

A

Left BCV

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11
Q

What pases through the diaphragm

A

Caval Foramen T8: IVC, lymph nodes and right phrenic nerve
Oesphadeal hiatus T10: Eso, Vagal trunk and branches of the left gastric
Aortic T12: Aorta, Azygous and Thoracic duct

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12
Q

Cupola

A

Cervical fascia

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13
Q

How many BP segments per lung

A

10 in right and 8 in left

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14
Q

Which Crus of the diaphragm does the oesophagus pass

A

Right Crus

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15
Q

What causes scapular winging

A

Damage to the long thoracic nerve and hence dysfunctional serratus anterior muscles

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16
Q

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint

A

sec cart joint

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17
Q

What is the main blood supply of the lat dors

A

Thoracodorsal

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18
Q

Where does the fossa ovalis lie in relation to the right atrium

A

Posteromedial wall

19
Q

Azygos lobe

A

Commonest accessory lobe of the lung and is commonly seen in the right upper zone

20
Q

How does the phrenic vein travel

A

Ant to the sub clav art and post to the vein. Towards the medial border of the ant scalene

21
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus use

A

Can be used to put pressure on the cardiac vessels to interrupt blood flow

22
Q

Aortic arches

A

1st and 2nd disappear
3rd: Carotid artery
4th: Subclavian artery on the right and aortic arch on the left
5th: disappears
6th: Pulmonary artery

23
Q

When does the fusion between the septum primum and the septum second take place to form the fossa ovalis from the foramen ovale

A

3 months of age.

24
Q

What is ostium secondum

A

If formen is only partially covered then it leads to the formation of ostium secondum

25
Q

How is the diaphragm formed

A

Pleuroperitoneal membrane, fibrous central tendon also known as septum transversum and ingrowth from the body wall along with mesentery of foregut all fuse together

26
Q

What muscles are wasted in cervical rib

A

C8 to T1 dermatome and myotome

27
Q

What are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

A

Medial arcuate ligament arises from the fascia of the psoas major and joining medially to form the median arcuate ligament

Lateral comes from Quad lumb fascia

28
Q

What is the moderator band?

A

Travels down the interventricular septum of the heart and prevents overdistension of the ventricles

29
Q

What is the Pemberton’s test

A

SVC obstruction can be assessed clinically by performing Pemberton’s test. The patient is asked to raise both arms above their head – a positive test is indicated if facial oedema or cyanosis occurs after approximately 1 minute.

30
Q

Where does the horizontal fissure of the right lung meet the oblique fissure

A

At the 4th rib

31
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk split into the left and right pulmonary

A

T5-T6

32
Q

What forms the coronary sinus

A

Generally, it is the great cardiac vein

33
Q

Where does the SVC enter the right atrium

A

At the level of the third costal cartilage

34
Q

Where can you visualise the azygous lobe

A

Right upper zone. Is the most common accessory lobe

35
Q

Where is the inferior epigastric vessels found

A

Between transverse abdominis muscle and the peritoneum

36
Q

FACT

A

Phrenic nerve is anterior in relation to SCA but post to SCV and towards the medial border of the scalene ant

37
Q

FACT

A

The thoracic duct passes left and posterior to the esophagus at the T5 level. It empties into the left subclavian vein

38
Q

Mid sternotomy and heavy bleeding

A

BCV

39
Q

Where does the IVC enter the right atrium

A

Behind the third costal cartilage

40
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve in relation to the aortic valve

A

Anterior

41
Q

Where is the ansa cervicalis embeded

A

In the carotid sheath

42
Q

Thyroid vein drain

A

Inferior drains into the brachiocephalic vein and the superior and middle is the internal jugular

43
Q

At what level does the azygous vein enter the SVC

A

T4/T5

44
Q

Important heart nomenclature

A

Right atria has inflow and outflow portions separated by the CRISTA TERMINALIS. The inflow is called sinus venerum and the outflow is called atrium proper

Left ventricle also has inflow and outflow portions and the outflow is lined with PECTINATE MUSCLES.

Right ventricle inflow portion is called TRAB CARNAE and outflow is called CONUS ARTERIOSUS

45
Q
A

MRCS Sciences deck (16 decks)

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