MICRO

Question 1

acute parotitis

Answer 1

The commonest cause of acute parotitis world-wide is viral with mumps the most common cause.

Question 2

Chlorohexadine

Answer 2

Chlorhexidine is a biguanide and is a useful antiseptic for skin and mucus membranes. It has good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Chlorhexidine is bactericidal at high concentrations by causing bacterial cell membrane disruption.

Question 3

Amox and cef cross-reactivity

Answer 3

a 10% risk of cross-reactivity

Question 4

S. saprophyticus

Answer 4

Staphylococcus saprophyticus ( Gram-positive coccus) can cause urinary tract infections most commonly in sexually active women

Question 5

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Answer 5

This is the most common organism cultured in the usually polymicrobial condition known as cancrum oris – or oral-facial gangrene – a condition that results in progressive necrosis and destruction of the soft and hard palate. This disease has its highest incidence in sub-Saharan Africa and is very rare in developed countries. Important risk factors include young age (infants and children), poverty, poor living standards and being immunocompromised.

Question 6

peritonsillar abscess

Answer 6

Strep pyogenes

Hot potato voice

Question 7

Balanitis

Answer 7

The most common causative organism is C. albicans, while the most common bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 8

Liver abscesses

Answer 8

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are two of the most frequently isolated pathogens in liver abscesses.

Question 9

Diarrhoea and gastroenteritis

Answer 9

Salmonella is a Gram-negative rod that typically causes gastroenteritis AND mycotic aneurysms, ,especially after a course of gastroenteritis
Salmonella infection is typically contracted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms are typically of abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.

Shigella
Shigella is a Gram-negative bacterium similar to E. coli. It is a world-wide leading cause of diarrhoea

Campylobacter
Campylobacter infection is a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, typically causing bloody diarrhoea.

Question 10

Splenectomy

Answer 10

Pneumococcal vaccine after two weeks and then every five years

After emergent splenectomy the patient receives one dose of Hib/MenC and MenB. Then after one month, one dose of MenACWY and a second dose of MenB