Neuroanatomy Flashcards
In the basal ganglia, which structures collectively form the neostriatum?
Putamen and caudate nucleus
What forms the lentiform nucleus
Putamen and globus pallidus
Define input, extrinsic and output nuclei
Input Nuclei
Caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum)
Intrinsic Nuclei
External globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Pars compacta of the substantia nigra
Output Nuclei
Internal globus pallidus
Pars reticulata of the substantia nigra
Describe the anatomy in and around the thalamus
Where is the cerebrum derived from
Embryologically, the cerebrum is derived from the prosencephalon.
Strokes as per the lobes
Frontal lobe – a diverse range of presentations, often personality and behavioural changes occur and an inability to solve problems develops.
Parietal lobe – typically presents with attention deficits e.g. contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome: where the patient does not pay attention to the side of the body opposite to the lesion.
Temporal lobe – presents with recognition deficits (agnosias) e.g. auditory agnosia: patient cannot recognise basic sounds, prosopagnosia: failure to recognise faces.
Occipital lobe – visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing.
Global lesions – severe cognitive deficits (dementia), patients cannot answer simple questions such as their name, today’s date, where they are etc.
The cerebral veins drain into what structure?
Dural venous sinuses
Which CN innervates the dura mater
Trigeminal
Which layer of the meninges is highly vascular
The pia mater is located underneath the sub-arachnoid space. It is very thin, and tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It is the only covering to follow the contours of the brain (the gyri and fissures).
Like the dura mater, it is highly vascularized, with blood vessels perforating through the membrane to supply the underlying neural tissue.
What is the most common germ cell tumour
Pineal gland tumour
What is parinaud syndrome
inability to move the eyes upwards – this is due to compression of the superior colliculi. In addition, obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct may produce hydrocephalus.
Which of the following structures connects the pons to the cerebellum?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
What drains into the cavernous sinus
Dural Venous Sinus System
Each cavernous sinus receives venous drainage from:
Ophthalmic veins (superior and inferior) – these enter the cavernous sinus via the superior orbital fissure.
Central vein of the retina – drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, or directly into the cavernous sinus.
Sphenoparietal sinus – empties into the anterior aspect of the cavernous sinus.
Superficial middle cerebral vein – contributes to the venous drainage of the cerebrum
Pterygoid plexus – located within the infratemporal fossa.
Contents of the cavernous sinus
Travels through cavernous sinus:
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Carotid plexus (post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres)
Internal carotid artery (cavernous portion)
Travels through lateral wall of cavernous sinus:
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of the trigeminal nerve
NOFs
Should be counseled regarding GA or spinal. No need for FIB unless pain is uncontrolled
What are the most commonly isolated organisms in liver abscess
Klebsiella and Ecoli
P-Possum score
Age
Cardiac
Respiratory
ECG
Systolic BP
Pulse Rate
Haemoglobin
WBC
Urea
Sodium
Potassium
GCS
FACT
When the spinal cord is injured at a particular level, all reflexes below it are also immediately depressed
FACT
Approximately 15% of women and 25% of men have an adenoma identified at colonoscopy
What is the blood supply of the pituitary artery
Anterior Pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland receives arterial supply from the superior hypophyseal artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery). This vessel first forms a capillary network around the hypothalamus – blood from this network is then transported to a secondary capillary plexus surrounding the anterior pituitary.
Known as the hypophyseal portal system, this structure allows the hypothalamus to communicate with the anterior pituitary via the release of neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.
Posterior Pituitary
The infundibulum and posterior pituitary gland receive a rich blood supply from many arteries. Of these, the major vessels are the superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery and inferior hypophyseal artery.
Which of the following structures connects the pons to the cerebellum?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
The cerebrum is derived from?
the prosencephalon
Neurones from the cochlear nuclei decussate at?
at the trapezoid body
What structure recieves input from the lateral leminiscus
inferior colliculus, which receives input from the lateral lemniscus.
The colliculi of the midbrain are separated by which structure?
Cruciform sulcus
The pons and cerebellum develops from which part of the primitive brain?
metencephalon
Which of the dural venous sinuses can be found within the base of the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
Relation of the colliculi to the pineal gland
The colliculi of the midbrain sit directly inferior to the pineal gland
The great cerebral vein empties into which dural venous sinus?
straight
Which part of the occipital bone contains the hypoglossal canal?
Condylar
Which type of epithelial cells are present in the choroid plexus of the ventricular system?
cuboidal
Pelvic splanchnic nerve distribution
S2-S4
The middle cerebral arteries supply which aspect of the brain?
Lateral
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the cavernous sinus?
Dura Mater
At which structure do the paired cerebral peduncles converge?
The pons
Danger area of the face
It is important to note that the superior ophthalmic vein forms an anastomosis with the facial vein. Therefore, the ophthalmic veins represent a potential route by which infection can spread from an extracranial to an intracranial site.
Which ventricle is bounded laterally by the thalamus
Third ventricle
What is the ventromedial nucleus responsible for
Satiety
When does a macular sparing happen
When there is an occipital lobe lesion but the upper pole is preserved
When does central scotoma happen
When there is a lesion somewhere between the chiasm and the retina
Which sulci are concerned with vision
Calcarine and postcalcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe
How many peduncles is the cerebellum connected with to the brain stem?
3
What is the blood supply of the cerebellum
From the superior cerebellar artery that is a branch of basilar
From the anterior inferior that is a branch of the basilar
From the posterior inferior that is a branch of the vertebral
At what level does the dura mater fuse with the philum terminale
S2
Cord syndromes
Anterior cord: Affects corticospinal and spinothalamic but no DCML
Central cord: Syringomelia or centrally placed tumours, arm movements are more affected than leg movements, DCML not affected
Posterior cord: Good power pain and temperature sensation but this time the DCML pathway is affected and hence there will be loss in fine touch and proprioception.
Brown Sequard: Hemisectional loss; Loss of power and proprioception and fine touch on one side. Pain and temperature is the one that will be on the other side
Where is CSF produced
In the choroid plexus in all four ventricles
Where does the labyrinthine artery arise from
Basilar
What is in the interpeduncular fossa
CN3 CN4 and Circle of Willis
How does the inferior sagittal sinus end
It ends by joining with the great cerebral vein to form the straight sinus
What is the characteristic clinical picture of Orbital venous drainage block as a result of cavernous sinus thrombosis?
Oedema of conjunctiva and eyelids
Ophthalmoplegia due to pressure on the contained cranial nerves
Papilloedema and retinal haemorrhage
What is an uncinate fit
It is a tumour in the region of the olfactory cortex. This can lead to hallucinations of smell
Which one is the smallest cranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
Which is the nucleus for glossopharyngeal taste sensation
Nucleus of tractus solitarus
