vocab review 3 and 4 Flashcards
The “other” boundary maintenance
the social and psychological process through which individuals or groups create distinctions between themselves and those they perceive as different or outside their own social category.
Us dichotomy
Rational
Religion
Science
History
Civilized
Other dichotomy
Irrational
Superstition
Magic
Legends
Savages
Colonialism
when powerful nations establish control over less developed territories to gain power and control
The Berlin Conference
The treaty of berlin in the 1880’s “divided” africa among european powers. Instead of fighting amongst themselves over africa they divided it up like civilized nations they carved it up and decided the borders.
Cecil Rhodes
Symbol of white man’s burden. Made money from gold and silver mines in Africa
Colonized other
Communities that were subjected to colonization like indigenous or local populations by more powerful nations or empires
White Man’s Burden
“God” gave the white man (his children) the burden of spreading civilization throughout the world by taming nature and the savage.
Manifest Destiny
The destiny or duty of the nation to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This expansion was often justified as a means to spread American ideals, democracy, and civilization
Charles Darwin
British naturalist and biologist who proposed that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where favorable traits are passed on to successive generations.
“The Origin of Species”
A book written by Charles Darwin, first published in 1859. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Social Darwinism
By nature there are individuals and (cultures) that are superior to others
And by nature the superior should dominate the inferior
And by nature the inferior must eventually become extinct
Herbert Spencer
An English philosopher and sociologist known for his influence on social Darwinism.
Unilineal evolution
Races could be put on an evolutionary scale of more or less human with those least like western Europeans at the bottom of the scale (least evolved) and Western Europeans at the top as the most human (most evolved)
Fossil Other
Cultures which can no longer change - the are “dead” cultures
Essentialism
Inherited unchanging characteristics that determine behavior, temperament and intelligence. All of which are inferior in the other (internal)
Phenotypes
Superficial physical characteristics. Minor variations in the shape of the face i.e. nose, eyes, ears, lips etc. AND skin tone (color) (external)
Race
different species
Polygenesis
Multi-origins
Survival of the Fittest
The strongest should dominate the weak and the weak will eventually die out
The Vanishing Race
Native Americans were gonna disappear. We have wiped them out and eliminated them because they were genetically inferior. Nature says they have to become extinct.
Scientific Racism
Misuse of scientific methods to justify racist beliefs
Replacement Theory
White populations are being systematically replaced by non-white populations through immigration or other demographic shifts
Franz Boas
Father of American anthropology (irony) was not an American or an anthropologist when he began his scientific career. He was a German geographer/geologist.
Inuit
Indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and parts of Russia.
Evolution
The process of gradual change in all forms of life over generations, involving the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next.
Adaptive radiation
A process in evolutionary biology where a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a variety of forms.
Cretaceous period
The third and final segment of the Mesozoic Era, lasting from approximately 145 to 66 million years ago. Characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs, it witnessed the evolution of many modern plant and animal groups.
Catarrhine Primates
Group of primates characterized by a narrow nasal septum and downward-facing nostrils.
Hominids
primates that evolved around 9-10 million years ago
Orangutans
Large, highly intelligent primates native to the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra
Gorillas
Large, powerful primates belonging to the family Hominidae. Theyre closely related to humans, sharing about 98% of their DNA
Chimpanzees
Highly intelligent, social primates native to Africa. They are one of the closest living relatives to humans, sharing about 98% of our DNA
Rift Valley
Large geographical trench, primarily in East Africa, formed by the tectonic activity where the African and Somali plates are pulling apart
Opposable Thumbs
Thumbs that can be moved opposite to the other fingers, allowing for a strong and precise grip.
Interdigital Grip
Allows us to make and use precision tools and instruments (the use of hands)
Bipedal
Skeletal changes which allow us to walk upright to find water and food in an environment where it is scarce
Spindle Cells
Remember the past create the present plan for the future recognize patterns in nature (make choices-create culture)
Australopithecus
Lucy (the first) (protohuman) (5 million years ago)
Homo Erectus
(closest distant ancestors) (2 million to 400,000)
Homo Sapiens
scientific name for the species of modern humans
Monogenesis
One origin
Out of Africa
Scientific theory that Homo sapiens, the modern human species, originated in Africa and then migrated and dispersed to populate the rest of the world
Ethnicity
categories of human
