list review 3 and 4 Flashcards
What is Boundary Maintenance? What are the three ways to use Boundary Maintenance?
The recognition of difference
- Neutral = you aren’t all the same there’s lots of physical differences neutral observation
- Positive = our diversity makes us different genetically we are very similar we are different culturally
- Negative = difference is a bad thing because i am going to judge you by me if I am normal the more you are like me or look like me the more human you are
What are the two reasons why understanding Social Darwinism is important for Cultural Anthropology?
- Foundation of early anthropology and responsible for the mistakes make by early anthropology
- Racist ideas (including the existence of race) still believed despite lacking scientific credibility
What two developments in the West helped to construct the other in the 19th century?
- Colonialism
- Science
What are the five elements of Social Darwinism used to construct the notion of Race?
- Race=different species
- Multi-origins (polygenesis)
- Races not equally human (unilineal evolution)
- Justified social/economic and political policies
- Proven by science (scientific racism)
What were some of the social/political/economic policies justified by Social Darwinism?
- Slavery
- Colonialism
- Segregation
What are the three reasons for the rise of anthropology at the end of the 19th century?
- Begins at the turn of the century 18th-19th century 1800s.
- Tremendous optimism in western world that science technology and reason will solve all of our problems (will give us solutions) (Figure out how to end war, poverty, disease)
- End of 19th century none of that happened things got worse
- For some people asking why they thought they should go back in time to look for the origins of all these problems
- One way of going back in time go to parts of world where fossilised cultures exist (Africa, australia origins of problems may be with origins of others)
People become anthropologists in search of solutions to problems - Colonized other to be a successful colonial power u had to manipulate the colonized other
- Learn their culture, language and how to convince them to do what they want - End of 19th century the great museums of the world were being built
- Focus of education and entertainment in a world where there’s no internet, television, travel,
- Museums were sending out zoologists to kill animals and taxidermy
- Sending out people to get minerals for
- Anthropologists to get materials from the others so people could see the bizarre artifacts
What are the three contributions made by Franz Boas which make him the “Father of American Anthropology? Why is this label ironic?
- 1887 he creates 1st postgraduate program in American Anthropology (columbia University)
- Emphasis on fieldwork
- Anti-social darwinist
(Father of American anthropology (irony) was not an American or an anthropologist when he began his scientific career.)
What are two reasons why Darwinian evolution is important for cultural anthropology?
It is the scientific explanation of natural reality
It disproves social darwinism (race)
What are the nine characteristics which make Homo Erectus our closest ancient relative?
- Large brain
- Makes and uses tools
- Hunters
- Makes and uses fire
- Socially sophisticated
- Think abstractly
- Bury their dead
- Completely bipedal
What are the six conditions which will influence future human evolution?
- Adaptation to a changing
- global environment
- Mixing ethnic groups
- New diets and rugs
- New diseases
- Genetic manipulation
- New technology (AI)
What were the two opposing views concerning human origins and diversity at the end of the 19th century?
- Polygenism
- monogenism
What are the two processes through which it takes place?
- Mutation
- Selection
