Vocab Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In this court case in 1831, the Cherokees fought for defense against the Indian Removal Act and against the Georgia Legislature’s nullification of Cherokee laws. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had “an unquestionable right” to their lands, but that they were “not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution” but rather a “domestic, dependent nation” and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia’s voiding their right to self-rule. Although this was a blow to the Cherokee case against Georgia, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Indian Removal Act.

A

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

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2
Q

The head of the Second Bank of the United States. He effectively forced smaller banks to refrain from excessive printing of banknotes, a major contributor to inflation. Some people, however, felt that the Bank, and in particular its president, had too much power to restrict the speculative and potentially profitable business dealings of smaller banks.

A

Nicholas Biddle

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3
Q

The practice of appointing one’s supporters to staff positions; a system of political back scratching. Although Jackson did not employ it on the grand scale as some who followed him as chief executive, he certainly had a hand in developing its practice.

A

Spoils System

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4
Q

John Quincy Adam’s appointment of Henry Clay, who had endorsed his presidential bid, to Secretary of State caused an uproar among Andrew Jackson’s supporters, who believed that Clay and Adams had made a dishonest deal to get Adams into office—Clay scratching Adams’ back by giving him the presidential nod, and Adams returning the favor with a prime position in his cabinet.

A

“Corrupt Bargain”

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5
Q

A high tariff on manufactured items such as wool and textiles. Southerners felt they were being treated unfairly and rallied against this law and against Jackson himself.

A

Tariff of 1828 “tariff of abominations”

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6
Q

The Vice President of the United States and author of the South Carolina Exposition, this man grew up in South Carolina and supported the efforts to nullify the Tariff of 1828. He disagreed strongly with Andrew Jackson on many points, including states rights, nullification, and federal aid to local projects. He supported all of these and took a sectionalistic view; Jackson opposed them and took a nationalistic view.

A

John C. Calhoun

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7
Q

Between 1824 and 1828, the supporters of each candidate polarized into two political parties. This party supported John Quincy Adams. Its roots were firmly entrenched in Alexander Hamilton’s Federalist ideals, including supporting a national bank and a strong central government that would finance improvements within United States borders. The party believed that a strong federal government could—and should—use its power to resolve society’s concerns.

A

Whigs

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8
Q

He was Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case. A decision was made on March 6, 1857. He ruled against Dred Scott. Scott was suing for freedom because of his long residence in free territory. He was denied freedom because he was property and his owner could take him into any territory and legally hold him as a slave. This court ruling was major cause in starting the Civil War.

A

Roger Taney

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9
Q

Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. It produced a finacial panic that began in the first months of Van Buren’s presidency. It caused banks and business to fail and unemployment grew.

A

Specie Circular

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10
Q

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. The Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. This depression lasted five years and it was a politcal catastrophe for Van Buren and the Democrats.

A

Panic of 1837

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11
Q

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as “The Great Compromiser.” Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

A

Henry Clay

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12
Q

The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800’s

A

Universal white male suffrage

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13
Q

In 1832, this broke out when South Carolinians responded angrily to a congressional tariff bill that offered them no relief form the 1828 “tariff of abominations.” The legislature summoned an immediate state convention, which voted to nullify the tariff’s of 1828 and 1832 and to forbid the collection of duties within a state.

A

Nullification Crisis

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14
Q

An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue states’ rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delievering what became known as his “Second Reply to Hayne.” He concluded with the ringing appeal: “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable.”

A

Webester-Hayne Debate

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15
Q

Social scandal; John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with her Timberlake before her husband died in 1828; cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton; Jackson sided with Eatons; affair helped dissolve cabinet.

A

Peggy Eaton Affair

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16
Q

U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and was Secretary of State under President Monroe. In the presidential election of 1824, no one candidate received a majority of electoral votes and the election was decided in his favor by Congress.

A

John Quincy Adams

17
Q

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

A

Shakers

18
Q

Brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University. Secretary of Massachusettes Board of Education, campaigned effectively for more and better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum.

A

Horace Mann

19
Q

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

A

Oneida Community

20
Q

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

A

Dorothea Dix

21
Q

Militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slaveholders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.

A

William Lloyd Garrison

22
Q

Self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, he became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.

A

Frederick Douglass

23
Q

First black woman orator to speak out against slavery. Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best known abolitionists of her day.

A

Sojourner Truth

24
Q

Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed sixty people (mostly women and children). This scared the southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result, slave codes were made stricter.

A

Nat Turner

25
Q

Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson who lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. On Civil Disobedience, he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and spent a night in jail. Extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).

A

Henry David Thoreau

26
Q

American painters of portraits turned increasingly from human landscapes to romantic mirrorings of local landscapes. School during transcendentalism.

A

Hudson River School

27
Q

First American to win international recognition as a literary figure. Wrote “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. Combined pleasing style with delicate charm and quiet humor.

A

Washington Irving

28
Q

As many as 25000 people would gather for an encampment of several days to drink the hell fire gospel as served up by an itinerant preacher swept more people than the first.

A

Second Great Awakening

29
Q

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, his announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

A

Joseph Smith

30
Q

Widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker.

A

Cult of Domesticity

31
Q

Mother of seven who had insisted on leaving “obey” out of her marriage ceremony, shocked fellow feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women.

A

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

32
Q

The practice of moderation (chiefly describing sobriety). It was one of the five “cardinal” virtues held to be vital to society in Hellenic culture. It is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behavior by the Catholic Church and is an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions

A

Temperance

33
Q

a penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States. Whigs favored this system because it promised to rehabilitate criminals by teaching them personal discipline and respect for work, property, and other people.

A

Auburn System

34
Q

First women’s rights convention in American History. Issued “Declaration of Sentiments”-declared “all men and women are created equal” and listed women’s grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

A

Seneca Falls Convention