Period 6 Part One Vocab Flashcards
1868
Citizenship given to ex-slaves.
Three-fifths clause abolished.
Leading ex-Confederates denied office.
Ex-Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans.
Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.
14th Amendment
a requirement that was stated in the 5th and 14th amendments the treatment by state and federal governments in matters of life, liberty and property of individuals be reasonable, fair, and follow known rules and procedures.
Due process of law
the 1867-1868 scandal in which Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad.
Credit Mobilier
Head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led this Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3 million. Project cost tax payers $13 million.
William Boss Tweed
caricturist and cartoonist, created Santa Claus and the Republican Elephant and the Democratic Donkey.
Thomas Nast
This settled the election of 1876, troops were removed from Louisiana and South Carolina and concessions for building a southern transcontinental railroad made
Compromise of 1877
Program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator of Ohio and Representative of Maryland. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln’s more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy.
Wade-Davis Bill
A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.
Andrew Johnson
created by Congress in 1865 intended to be like a welfare agency; it was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedmen and white refugees.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.
Black Codes
the Republican idealist who pushed for black suffrage during Reconstruction as a principle of black freedom and racial equality.
Charles Sumner
A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.
Thaddeus Stevens
Law requiring the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body.
Tenure of Office Act
The presentation of formal charges against a public official by the lower house, trial to be before the upper house.
Impeachment
A native white Southerner who collaborated with the occupying forces during Reconstruction, often for personal gain.
Scalawags
the term for Northerners who went into the South during Reconstruction to make their fortune or to otherwise take advantage of military rule there.
Carpetbaggers
A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves. The system called for dividing the crop into three shares — one for the landowner, one for the worker, and one for whoever provided seeds, fertilizer, and farm equipment.
Sharecropping
the most common name for the secret organizations that arose during Reconstruction in the South to terrorize blacks and those who sought to give blacks more rights.
Ku Klux Klan
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California’s railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. This made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.
Transcontinental Railroad
Creates Steel company. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. He used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the “Robber barons”.
Andrew Carnegie
was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production.
Vertical Integration
this was launched in 1901, and was capitalized at $1.4 billion; this was America’s first billion dollar corporation. this corporation was worth more than the total estimated wealth of the nation in 1800., J. P. Morgan and Elbert H. Gary founded this in 1901 (incorporated by combining the steel operations owned by Andrew Carnegie with Gary’s Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies.
U.S Steel
was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it’s large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger.
John D. Rockefeller
A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.
Horizontal Integration
Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by this of New Jersey., John D. Rockefeller’s company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.
Standard Oil Trust
Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale.
J.P. Morgan
He invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made cheap. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.
Bessemer Process
(March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone., inventor; patented the telephone scottish born speech teacher who also worked with the hearing impaired.
Alexander Graham Bell
This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment., Became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world’s first research laboratory. He perfected the incandescent light bulb there and followed up his invention with an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.
Thomas Edison
started in 1877, sent products to customers by mail and allowed the postal system to expand.
Mail-order companies
In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration in the boxcars. He monopolized the meat industry.
Gustavus Swift
requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to enforce this law until Teddy Roosevelt’s Presidency (1901-1909).
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories, 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Lost public support from the Haymarket bombing. Failed.
Knights of Labor
(1886) Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown and dozens were killed. Knights of labor were blamed for this incident, and lost public support.
Haymarket bombing
1886: Union that formed after Haymarket, by Sam Gompers accepting wage system and organized skilled wage earners and disregarded the unskilled and minorities.
American Federation of Labor
He is responsible for the formation of one of the first labor unions. The American Federation of Labor worked on getting people better hours and better wages. The formation of this triggered the formation of various others that would come later.
Samuel Gompers
after Coeur d Alene, PA strike against lower wages in Carnegie steel wages- strike led by Debs, created a national boycott of luxury train cars, arrested for disrupting mail system.
Pullman Strike
The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business
(literally, “leave alone”).
Laissez-faire capitalism
Applied theory of natural selection and “survival of the fittest” to human society – the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor., A social application of biological theory of evolution by natural selection, this late-nineteenth century theory encouraged the notion of human competitio and opposed intervention in the natural human order. They justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteeth-century industrial American society as natural.
Social Darwinism
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists.
This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Gospel of Wealth
