Period 2 APUSH Flashcards
Joint-Stock company
A company whose stock is jointly owned by the shareholders. This helped set the stage for a historic effort to establish an English beach head in the still uncharted North American wilderness.
Virginia Company
Responsible for the settlement of Jamestown. Their main purpose was to find a way through America to the West Indies. The exploration was threatened by a time limit. They stumbled upon the land on the James river and named it after King James I
John Rolfe
Husband of Pocahontas. Become the father of tobacco and the savior of the Virginia colony. Once he figured out a way to take away the bitter tang the tobacco industry shot up immensely.
Lord Baltimore/Cecil Calvert
Found Maryland. He granted huge estates to his catholic relatives, and gracious manor houses. This caused for religious intolerances in Maryland. This led to him losing proprietary rights.
Act of Toleration
Guaranteed toleration to to all Christians. However it severely hurt the Jews and Atheists with death penalties.
Virginia House of Burgesses
Self-government created. It flourished like many other small parliaments of its time.
Slavery
As a result of the amount labor needed to plant sugar. This caused an influx in slaves which mandated laws for slaves like the Barbados slave code which stated that the master had complete control over their slaves and could discipline them for anything they wanted. A version of this code was adopted in North America.
James Ogelthorpe
A soldier-statesman. He became interested in prison reform after his friend died in prison for debt. As an imperialist and a philanthropist he saved the charity colony by heavily mortgaging his own personal fortune.
Puritans
A total purification of English Christianity. They became unhappy with the Church of England not becoming decatholicized. They believed that only visible saints should be admitted to church membership.
Separatists
A tiny group of dedicated Puritans that vowed to break away from the Church of England. The most famous congregation of them was in Holland. They fled from religious intolerance to Virginia but ended up in the New England area.
Pilgrims
The pilgrims were a form of putitan (separatists) who wanted to completely break away from the church of England. They emigrated to the Americas on the Mayflower to find safe haven, after negotiating for rights with the virgina company.
Mayflower Compact
At the stage for many future constitutions but was not a constitution itself. It was agreed upon by all the men on the mayflower before they left the ship. It was an agreement to form a crude govt. Idea of self govt/ law/ voting
John Winthrop
Massachusetts Bay colony’s first govenor. Gave the city upon a hill speech
Thomas Hooker
Reverend, founded conneticut (1636)
New England Confederation
Colonists join together in order to protect themselves form French and Spanish (1643).
Anne Hutchinson
Clever female religious dissenter who questioned authority of clergy. Was cast out of the colony along with her family and moved to rhode island, then new york
Roger Williams
Minister had unorthodox ideas and was cast out of Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded Rhode Island.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
Written in conneticut in 1639, was the first real constitution.
King Phillip’s War
War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.
Dominion of New England
Created by England divided up colonies. They send Edmund Andrews to be in charge of the colonies.
Navigation Acts
Established by king of England only allowed the colonies to trade with counries ruled by thie English crown. In reality largely ignored.
Quakers
Pacifist, egalitarian religious dissenters who did not pay taxes to the church of England. Worshiped without priests.
William Penn
Established Pennsylvania (not named after him) for Quakers. Good relationship with Indians.
Sir Edmund Andros
Tried to rule new England, set up harsh restrictions on the manifestations of self-govt. the colonists held so dear, strong military tatctics. New Englanders got fed up and kicked him out.
Antinomianism
The theological doctrine that by faith and God’s grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture).
Captain John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.
Triangular Trade
The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.
Proprietary Colonies
Proprietary colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor. Charter colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over charter colonies. Royal (or crown) colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them.
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Indentured servants
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Middle Passage
Part of the Triangle Trade Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.
Glorious Revolution
A bloodless coup in England that overthrew James II and enthroned Mary II and William III; weakened the monarchical power.
Corporate Colonies
British colonies in the United States whose governments were trading-company charters or were modeled upon such charters. A feature of these colonies was that all political power rested in the members of the company.
Royal Colonies
A colony administered by a royal governor and council appointed by the British crown. In 1679, the king at the time made New Hampshire a royal colony.
Chesapeake Colonies
These colonies were founded in the 17th century. Virginia and Province of Maryland.
Great Migration
The migration of English people from England to the New World between the years of 1630 and 1640 because King James opposed the growing Puritan population of England.
Sir William Berkeley
Royal governor of VA (1641-1652; 1660-1677), adopted policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf; antagonized backwoods farmers on Virginia’s western frontier because he failed to protect settlements from Indian attacks.
Frame of Government (1682)
Document provided to Pennsylvania colony by William Penn which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners in 1682-3.
Wampanoags
Tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers.
Metacom
Called king Philip by the English united neighboring Indians in a last-ditch attack that failed, 1675.
John Davenport
Founder of New Haven (1637).
John Cabot
Explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.
Mayflower
Was the ship that carried the Pilgrims across the Atlantic from the Netherlands to Plymouth Plantation in 1620 (the Pilgrims had fled England to the Netherlands before heading to the New World).
Pocahontas
Protected John Smith and became an intermediary- provided peace and food.
Holy Experiment
To provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate a profit.
Halfway covenant
As the younger generation showed less desire to be committed to religious faith and more desire to obtain material success, this was created for those who professed limited religious commitment; people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ.
Charter of Liberties (1701)
A charter, signed by Penn, which established a representative assembly in Pennsylvania, and stated that the lower counties (Delaware) of the colony could establish their own representative assembly.
Tobacco farms
These were mainly small farms in North Carolina, but larger tobacco plantations were found in other parts of the colonies.
Rice plantations
These plantations grew food for the West Indies, and relied on slave labor. Found in South Carolina.
St. Augustine, Florida
a Spanish fortress that was erected in 1565; the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States.
Spice Islands
Indonesia; one of the areas from which the luxuries of the East were exported to Europe.
Why were the English exploration delayed?
The Protestant Reformation; and religious division.
Differences in relationships between the Spanish, British or French?
The Spanish treated Natives as third class citizens and discriminated against them systems were made to oppress the Natives like the encomienda system and the asiento system. Conflict also struck as well with the Pope’s Rebellion and Pueblos War. British were much like the Spanish having conflicts with them such as Bacon’s Rebellion. The French were more tolerant and even assimilated with the Natives not that the other nations did not it was just less frowned upon in their society.
New England Society
Emigrated as family units. Life expectancy was higher. Temperate weather called for less diseases. Women were less appreciated role their job was to have kids and raise them with Puritan values. Education was important as a result Harvard was established before the first college of Virginia William and Mary.
Virginia Society
Emigrated as single males. Life expectancy lower. Hot conditions called for more diseases. Women as a result of their scarcity were on an elevated role in society. Education was more in house education learning how to read and write this is why the William and Mary was not established until after Harvard.
Zenger Trial 1734
The Zenger Case was a trial against the author of an article in a New York newspaper that criticized a corrupt British governor. Zenger was charged with sedition and libel, but he was acquitted. The event was a contribution to the First Amendment policy of freedom of the press.
Stono Rebellion
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rebelled, killed several whites then tried to escape to Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. Caused many colonies to enact stricter laws regarding the rights of slaves.
Albany Plan of Union 1754
Colonial confederation calling for each town to have independence in a large whole. It was used for military defense and Indian policies. First attempt at colonial unity and set a precedent for later American unity.
Paxton Boys
An uprising of frontiersmen in Pennsylvania who massacred (nonviolent) Conestoga Indians. Governor attempted to try those involved, but they were never tried. This showed the bias against frontiersmen in the eastern government, and prompted 600 frontiersmen to march on Philadelphia.
Iron Act
Part of the British Trade and Navigation acts; it was intended to stem the development of colonial manufacturing in competition with home industry by restricting the growth of the American iron industry to the supply of raw metals. This caused a feeling of discontent and a feeling of being a tool among colonials.
Great Awakening
It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms within certain religions, increased church attendance, encouraged missionary work, and led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people and helped to break down sectional boundaries and denominational lines.
Peace of Paris 1763
This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian War between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. Resulted in the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.
Patrick Henry
He was an orator and statesman and a member of the House of Burgesses where he introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act. Famous for his comment “Give me liberty or give me death”, he also promoted revolutionary ideals.
Writs of Assistance
It was a search warrant allowing officials to enter buildings in which smuggled goods may be. It required no cause for suspicion and homes were often ransacked. It influenced the addition to the Fourth Amendment to the Constitutions requiring officials to obtain a warrant for search and seizures.
Sugar Islands
The only land that France had in the New World after the Seven Years war. These were the places where many New England merchants smuggled sugar from.
George Grenville
British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament. His policies generated resentment within the colonies towards the British.
Phyllis Wheatley
Phyllis Wheatley a slave girl never formally educated; she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope. First African-American poet published in the United States.
Benjamin Franklin
An American diplomat, writer, and inventor. He helped the writing of the Declaration as well as securing French aid during the American Revolution.
Cotton Mather
minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem.
The Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
George Whitefield
One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
John Bartram
Was a pioneer American botanist. In 1728 he purchased land along the banks of the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia and planted there the first botanical garden in the United States. He made journeys in the Alleghenies and the Catskills and in the Carolinas and Florida in search of new plants. He exchanged specimens with European botanists and introduced many European plants to the New World.
Jonathan Edwards
(1703-1758) Preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He played a critical role in shaping the Great Awakening and his sermon "In the Hands of an Angry God" is considered a classic piece of early American Literature.
John Peter Zenger
(1697-1746) U.S. Printer and journalist, born in Germany. Editor of the New York Weekly Journal, an antigovernment newspaper, he was arrested for speaking against the government.
Benjamin West
(1738-1820) U.S. painter. The first American to study art in Italy (1760-63), he settled in England where he quickly became a renowned artist. The Death of General Wolfe is one of his pieces.
Andrew Hamilton
(1676-1741) Philadelphia lawyer who defended Zenger pro bono.
Salutary Neglect
Undocumented but long-standing policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws in American colonies by the British government.
Hereditary Aristocracy
there was no nobility that inherited special privileges and masses of hungry poor in the New World.
Poor Richard’s Almanack
there was no nobility that inherited special privileges and masses of hungry poor in the New World.
Town Meetings
dominant form of local government in New England, people of a town would regularly come together (often in a church), to vote directly on public issues.
John Copley
A famous Revolutionary era painter, traveled to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could he find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. was loyal to England during The Revolution.
What were the 3 primitive outposts planted by the European countries in North America
Spain settled at Santa Fé in 1610; French at Québec in 1608; British at Jamestown in 1607.
Protestant Reformation
The movement in which it was thought that the Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII.
Calvinism
sect of Puritanism created by John Calvin; dominant religion of American settlers; belief in predestination
Predestination
A belief in Calvinism which states that the “elect” souls were destined for heaven, while others were destined for hell.
Conversion
A spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life.
Visible Saints
Those who were clearly part of the “elect”; alone were eligible for church membership (therefore, the right to vote).
Economy of New England
Made profit on fur, fish, and lumber; mostly a exporting town with waterways close and accessible. Tobacco didn not grow well in the weather extremes. The slaves were not needed especially since there were only small farms which could not make profit with the slaves.
Freeman
The only people who could vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; adult, Puritan males.
Bible Commonwealth
Another name for the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of religious drive.
Protestant Ethic
Part of Puritanism in the Bay Colony; involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits.
Midwifery
Assisting with childbirths-was a virtual female monopoly, and they often fostered networks of women bounded by the common travails of motherhood.
Congregational Church
Protestant Chirstian churches, in which each church runs its own affairs, and do not connect with one another, Many of the churches have Protestant theories of unity. They were established the the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and later in New England.
Jeremiad
A moralistic text that denounces a society for its sins, and proclaims its downfall. They were a favored literary device used by the Puritans. There were many of these written about slavery in later times.
Leisler Rebellion
1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.
Regulator Movement
It was a movement during the 1760’s by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
Mollasses Act 1733
British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.
Arminianism
Named after Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius; belief that individual free will determined person & salvation, not divine decree; all humans could be saved if they accepted God’s grace.
Old Lights
Orthodox clergymen; deeply skeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists.
New Lights
Defended awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.
