Period 6 Part 2 Flashcards
Buffalo had dominated the Great Plains before white Americans moved in, and Native Americans had long lived off the buffalo while sustaining their population. However, whites killed off many buffalo for food and fun, also because they blocked the railroad, and the many cattle bred in the area contributed to the plummeting of the buffalo population
Buffalo Herds
Were the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.
Cattle Drives
Invented barbed wire. This allowed a farmer to protect his land and his crops so that wild herds would not trample the property. They can fence in the property more cheaply, and the production of barbed wire went up dramatically in 1874.
Joseph Glidden
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, whites invaded the Indians’ lands and drove them on the warpath. The war culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians in southern Montana.
Little Bighorn
A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.
Helen Hunt Jackson
Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes, 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American, 1887,Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.
Dawes Act of 1887
The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement, Religious movement in last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, As the Sioux population dwindled as a result of the federal government policies, they turned to this to restore their original dominance on the Plains. Wearing the Shirts, they engaged in ritual dances that they believed would protect them from harm. The ritual allowed them to reaffirm their culture amidst the chaos., Effort of Natives to resist US domination: ended in tragedy, with natives gunned down by over 200 native Americans in Wounded Knee Battle.
Ghost Dance movement
famed naturalist of the Sierra Club against building dams in the Hetch Hetchy Valley.
John Muir, Sierra Club
Landowners rented land to farmers who usually supplied them with farming tools and a crude house, farmers grew crops for landowners and kept a small percentage, often not enough to sell. Farmers lived in poverty as a result.
Sharecropping, tenant farmers
A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too “accomodationist”.
Tuskegee Institute
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.
Plessy v. Ferguson
laws which promoted segregation, or the separation of people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life “separate but equal,” but only served to exclude African Americans and others from exercising their rights as American citizens. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. It took many years and much effort, however, before Jim Crow laws would be overturned across the country.
Jim Crow Laws
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves economically to achieve equality.
Booker T. Washington
The more common name of the Patrons of Husbandry—this organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business.
National Grange Movement
A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.
Wabash v. Illinois
American historian, he provided the clearest and most influential statement of the vision of the frontier in a memorable paper which he delivered to a meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago in 1893 entitled “the Significance of the Frontier in American History,” His claims included that the experience of expansion into the frontier had stimulated individualism, nationalism and democracy, and kept the opportunity of advancement alive.
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
This excluded Chinese immigrant workers for ten years and denied U.S. citizenship to Chinese nationals living in the United States.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
a portal on an island in the New York Harbor through which immigrants entered America; designated as the site of the first Federal immigration station in 1890 by President Benjamin Harrison; this station was used by a majority of immigrants.
Ellis Island
5 or 6 story dwellings, with a shape to accommodate the air flow requirements, built in New York City after this and before the so-called “New Law” of 1901.
Tenements
the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
Tammany Hall
the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes.First women to earn Noble Peace Prize.
Jane Addams
Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in this. Jane Addams’s Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.
Settlement Houses
Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the poor over come problems of industrialization. Didn’t focus on religion, but on the fact that improved living conditions begot improved morality
Social Gospel
“Kansas Cyclone”; 1st husband died of alchoholism and so she took a hatchet and single-handedly destroyed saloons.a radical,violent temperance supporter whose husband died from heavy drinking.
Carrie Nation
believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; (social equality) founder of NAACP.
W.E.B. Du Bois
satirist and author of southern literature (Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer); was also a cultural critic who came up with the nickname “the Gilded Age”.
Mark Twain
artist from Massachusetts who did much of his work in England; known for a portrait of his mother; dropped out of West Point after failing chemistry.this quarrelsome and eccentric Massachusetts painter had failed at West Point earlier in life. This late 19th century artist was famous for a portrait of his mother.
James Whistler
Chicago architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase ‘form follows function’ (1856-1924).architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers (he’s considered the father of skyscrapers) and for coining the phrase ‘form follows function’.
Louis Sullivan
Considered America’s greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.An architect who believed that buildings should grow from their sites not be imitations of Greek and Roman importations.
Frank Lloyd Wright
the Hungarian-born journalistic tycoon who at the turn of the century became a leader in the techniques of sensationalism while at the helm of the New York World. writer and creator of the Yellow Press. Led people to believe that the situations occurring in Cuba were worse, that they were in reality.
Joseph Pulitzer
The circus– a collaboration between two men.
Barnum & Bailey “Greatest Show on Earth”
most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen also included Annie Oakley.
“Buffalo Bill” Wild West Show
Raised imports to 48.4% The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers who were already greatly in debt. This is because if America raises the tariff on foreign imports, so will foreign countries raise their tariffs on American goods. Due to the fact that most American Agricultural products are for exports, by increasing the tariff, the farmer’s market for their goods become smaller, forcing them to sell their products at bankruptcy prices at home.
McKinley Tariff of 1890
Was enacted in 1890 as a United States federal law. While not authorizing the free and unlimited coinage of silver that the Free Silver supporters wanted, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month It backfired because people exchanged their silver notes for gold dollars, depleting the governments gold reserves. Led to the panic of 1893.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. Officially named the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring. It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression “Enough food to feed Coxey’s Army” originates from this march.
Coxey’s Army, March on Washington
This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of “free silver” (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America’s imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
William Jennings Bryan
An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the “gold bugs” who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
“Cross of Gold” Speech
An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.
Mark Hanna
