vocab microbiology Flashcards
MicroBio Vocab
Two unlike organisms living together with one being inside the other
Endosymbiosis
MicroBio Vocab
A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation
Hypothesis
MicroBio Vocab
The supposed development of living organisms from non living matter
Spontaneous generation
MicroBio Vocab
The lens located below the stage of a light microscope that focuses a cone of light on the sample
Condensor
MicroBio Vocab
Any staining procedure that distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties
Differential staining
MicroBio Vocab
A microscope that retains proper focus when the objectives are changed
Parfocal
MicroBio Vocab
Term describing a molecule that has that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Amphipathic
MicroBio Vocab
A layer of well-organized material, not easily washed off, lying outside the cell wall
Capsule
MicroBio Vocab
The pattern of microbial behavior in which the microorganism moves toward chemical attractants and away from repellents
Chemotaxis
MicroBio Vocab
The bacterial plasma membrane plus all the structures outside of it
Cell envelope
MicroBio Vocab
Organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet for growth because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components and cannot be synthesized by the organism
Growth factors
MicroBio Vocab
A complex of DNA and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
Chromatin
MicroBio Vocab
The process in which a cell takes up solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from its plasma membrane
Endocytosis
MicroBio Vocab
A membrane-enclosed structure within a cell, such as mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function
Organelle
MicroBio Vocab
A series of chemical reactions that occurs as part of the dark reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbon is broken away from gaseous carbon dioxide and fixed as organic carbon in compounds that are ultimately used to make sugars and starch as food
Calvin Cycle
MicroBio Vocab
A substance or preparation for killing algae
Algicide
MicroBio Vocab
An enzyme that changes their shape, or conformation, upon binding of a modulator
Allosteric Enzyme
MicroBio Vocab
An increase in number of micro organisms
Growth
MicroBio Vocab
An organism that manufacturers its own food from inorganic substances using light for energy
Phototroph
MicroBio Vocab
Any chemical agent used chiefly on inanimate objects to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organisms
Disinfectant
MicroBio Vocab
Microorganisms that do not require oxygen for growth but do grow better with it
Facultative anaerobe
MicroBio Vocab
Reactions that replenish depleted tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates
Anaplerotic Reactions
MicroBio Vocab
The amount of energy that must be put into a system in order to cause a chemical process to occur
Activation energy
MicroBio Vocab
The destruction of all living micororganisms
Sterilization
MicroBio Vocab
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
Substrate
MicroBio Vocab
The rotating enzyme complex that couples ATP production to the flow of hydrogen ions
ATP Synthase
MicroBio Vocab
The process in cell metabolism by which respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
MicroBio Vocab
The time required for a microbial population to double in number
Generation time
MicroBio Vocab
A chemical or physical agent that causes mutation
Mutagen
MicroBio Vocab
A DNA binding protein binds near the gene and turns up the level of expression
Positive control
MicroBio Vocab
DNA copy of an RNA molecule
complementary DNA
MicroBio Vocab
A permanent heritable change in the genetic material
Mutation
MicroBio Vocab
A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
MicroBio Vocab
A protein coded for by a regulator gene that can bind to the operator and inhibit transcription
Repressor
MicroBio Vocab
A small molecule that stimulates the synthesis of an inducible enzyme
Inducer
MicroBio Vocab
An organism with a mutation that causes it to lose the ability to synthesize an essential nutrient
Auxotroph
MicroBio Vocab
Enzyme that uses ATP energy to unwind DNA ahead of the replication fork
Helicase
MicroBio Vocab
Technique used to synthesize large quantities of specific nucleotide sequences from small amounts of DNA
polymerase chain reaction
MicroBio Vocab
The base triplet on a tRNA that is complementary to the triplet codon on mRNA
anti-codon
MicroBio Vocab
The RNA that is the structural and catalytic part of a ribosome
rRNA
MicroBio Vocab
The segment of DNA to which the repressor protein binds. It controls the expression of the genes adjacent to it.
Operator
MicroBio Vocab
The make identical copies of a DNA sequence
cloning
MicroBio Vocab
Obligate intracellular parasite
Virus
MicroBio Vocab
The latent form of a temperate phage that remains within the lysogen, usually integrated into the host chromosome
Prophage
MicroBio Vocab
A clear area in a lawn of host cells that result from their lysis by viruses
Plaque
MicroBio Vocab
A gene whose activity is associated with the conversion of normal cells to cancer cells
Oncogene
MicroBio Vocab
A virus life cycle that results in the lysis of the host cell
Lytic cycle
MicroBio Vocab
Existing in a person or animal from birth
Innate
MicroBio Vocab
A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling and sometimes loss of function
Inflammation
MicroBio Vocab
An outer membranous layer that surrounds the nucleocapsid in some viruses
Envelope
MicroBio Vocab
Any of several regulatory proteins, such as interleukins and lymphokines, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response
Cytokine
MicroBio Vocab
The process by which an antigen selects the best-fitting B Cell receptor, activating that B cell, resulting in the synthesis of antibody and clonal expansion
clonal selection
MicroBio Vocab
Of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own cells or tissues
Autoimmunity
MicroBio Vocab
A glycoprotein made by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the introduction of an antigen
antibody
MicroBio Vocab
The reversion of an animal cell to a more primitive, undifferentiated state
anaplasia
MicroBio Vocab
Any virus, bacterium, or other agent that causes disease
Pathogen