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MicroBiology > vocab microbiology > Flashcards

vocab microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Two unlike organisms living together with one being inside the other

A

Endosymbiosis

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2
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The supposed development of living organisms from non living matter

A

Spontaneous generation

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4
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The lens located below the stage of a light microscope that focuses a cone of light on the sample

A

Condensor

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5
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Any staining procedure that distinguishes organisms based on their staining properties

A

Differential staining

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6
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A microscope that retains proper focus when the objectives are changed

A

Parfocal

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7
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Term describing a molecule that has that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

A

Amphipathic

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8
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A layer of well-organized material, not easily washed off, lying outside the cell wall

A

Capsule

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9
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The pattern of microbial behavior in which the microorganism moves toward chemical attractants and away from repellents

A

Chemotaxis

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10
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The bacterial plasma membrane plus all the structures outside of it

A

Cell envelope

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11
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet for growth because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components and cannot be synthesized by the organism

A

Growth factors

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12
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A complex of DNA and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The process in which a cell takes up solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from its plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A membrane-enclosed structure within a cell, such as mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function

A

Organelle

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15
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A series of chemical reactions that occurs as part of the dark reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbon is broken away from gaseous carbon dioxide and fixed as organic carbon in compounds that are ultimately used to make sugars and starch as food

A

Calvin Cycle

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16
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A substance or preparation for killing algae

A

Algicide

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17
Q

MicroBio Vocab

An enzyme that changes their shape, or conformation, upon binding of a modulator

A

Allosteric Enzyme

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18
Q

MicroBio Vocab

An increase in number of micro organisms

A

Growth

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19
Q

MicroBio Vocab

An organism that manufacturers its own food from inorganic substances using light for energy

A

Phototroph

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20
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Any chemical agent used chiefly on inanimate objects to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organisms

A

Disinfectant

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21
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Microorganisms that do not require oxygen for growth but do grow better with it

A

Facultative anaerobe

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22
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Reactions that replenish depleted tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates

A

Anaplerotic Reactions

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23
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The amount of energy that must be put into a system in order to cause a chemical process to occur

A

Activation energy

24
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The destruction of all living micororganisms

A

Sterilization

25
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts

A

Substrate

26
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The rotating enzyme complex that couples ATP production to the flow of hydrogen ions

A

ATP Synthase

27
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The process in cell metabolism by which respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The time required for a microbial population to double in number

A

Generation time

29
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A chemical or physical agent that causes mutation

A

Mutagen

30
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A DNA binding protein binds near the gene and turns up the level of expression

A

Positive control

31
Q

MicroBio Vocab

DNA copy of an RNA molecule

A

complementary DNA

32
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A permanent heritable change in the genetic material

A

Mutation

33
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

34
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A protein coded for by a regulator gene that can bind to the operator and inhibit transcription

A

Repressor

35
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A small molecule that stimulates the synthesis of an inducible enzyme

A

Inducer

36
Q

MicroBio Vocab

An organism with a mutation that causes it to lose the ability to synthesize an essential nutrient

A

Auxotroph

37
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Enzyme that uses ATP energy to unwind DNA ahead of the replication fork

A

Helicase

38
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Technique used to synthesize large quantities of specific nucleotide sequences from small amounts of DNA

A

polymerase chain reaction

39
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The base triplet on a tRNA that is complementary to the triplet codon on mRNA

A

anti-codon

40
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The RNA that is the structural and catalytic part of a ribosome

A

rRNA

41
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The segment of DNA to which the repressor protein binds. It controls the expression of the genes adjacent to it.

A

Operator

42
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The make identical copies of a DNA sequence

A

cloning

43
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Virus

44
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The latent form of a temperate phage that remains within the lysogen, usually integrated into the host chromosome

A

Prophage

45
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A clear area in a lawn of host cells that result from their lysis by viruses

A

Plaque

46
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A gene whose activity is associated with the conversion of normal cells to cancer cells

A

Oncogene

47
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A virus life cycle that results in the lysis of the host cell

A

Lytic cycle

48
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Existing in a person or animal from birth

A

Innate

49
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling and sometimes loss of function

A

Inflammation

50
Q

MicroBio Vocab

An outer membranous layer that surrounds the nucleocapsid in some viruses

A

Envelope

51
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Any of several regulatory proteins, such as interleukins and lymphokines, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response

A

Cytokine

52
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The process by which an antigen selects the best-fitting B Cell receptor, activating that B cell, resulting in the synthesis of antibody and clonal expansion

A

clonal selection

53
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own cells or tissues

A

Autoimmunity

54
Q

MicroBio Vocab

A glycoprotein made by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the introduction of an antigen

A

antibody

55
Q

MicroBio Vocab

The reversion of an animal cell to a more primitive, undifferentiated state

A

anaplasia

56
Q

MicroBio Vocab

Any virus, bacterium, or other agent that causes disease

A

Pathogen

MicroBiology (18 decks)

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