Microbio Book Questions T-F CH 1 3 5 6 7 Flashcards
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CHAPTER 1 SELF QUIZ
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Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus and without compartmentalization are called what?
Prokaryotes
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Organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called what?
Eukaryotes
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What scientific advances influenced microbial classification?
The use of electron microscopy to study detailed structures of microbial cells, the determination of the biochemical and physiological characteristics of many microbes, and the sequencing of nucleic acids and proteins from a wide variety of microbes
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Comparison of ribosomal RNA from a variety of organisms led to what classification schemes?
Two-domain classification scheme
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How would you best describe bacteria?
Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan
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How would you best describe archaea?
Usually live in extreme environments, exhibit unusual metabolic characteristics, and plasma membrane composed of unique lipids
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Name a microorganism that the domain Eukarya includes
Protists
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Name a major type of protist
Algae, protozoa, and slime and water molds
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What is a diverse group of microorganisms that are multicellular, form hyphae, and absorb nutrients from the environment called?
Fungi
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What do viruses require?
Host cells to replicate
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What is the name for an infectious protein that causes spongiform encephalopathies?
Prions
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In the scientific method, and educated guess used to explain observations is called what?
A hypothesis
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What would microbiologists consider to be an important attribute of life?
Reproduction
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What was most likely the first self-replicating molecule on the primitive earth?
RNA
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Why was RNA most likely the first self-replicating molecule?
It can catalyze chemical reactions, it can regulate gene expression, and ATP (the energy currency of the cell) is composed of a ribonucleotide
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The universal phylogenetic tree was constructed from comparison of which molecule amongst diverse organisms?
SSU rRNA
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According to the universal phylogenetic tree…?
The eukarya and the archaea are more closely related and evolved from a common ancestor after the bacteria
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Describe the origin of the eukaryotic organelles?
The endosymbiotic hypothesis
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The hydrogen hypothesis describe the evolution of which eukaryotic organelle?
Mitochondria
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A major source of genetic diversity in bacteria is what?
Horizontal gene transfer
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Why is the traditional biological species concept applied to some eukaryotes not valid for bacteria?
Because bacteria reproduce asexually
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What is the name for a collection of bacterial or archaeal strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains?
Species
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What are important methods to microbiologists?
Microscopy, culture techniques, and genomic analysis
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Who constructed simple microscopes, observed bacteria and protists, and reported his findings to the Royal Society of London?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
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What observation made by Francesco Redi refuted the idea of spontaneous generation?
He covered pieces of meat and they did not produce maggots spontaneously
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Which scientists contributed to disproving spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi, John Needham, and Lazzaro Spallanzani
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Which scientist linked silkworm disease with a fungus?
Agostino Bassi
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What the processes of heating liquids to destroy undesirable microbes called?
Pasteurization
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Who first used phenol in surgery to prevent microorganisms from entering the wounds?
Joseph Lister
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Make a statement to best illustrate Koch’s postulates?
The suspected organisms are isolated and grown in pure culture
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Why is agar an ideal solidifying agent for growing bacteria?
Because it is not broken down by most bacteria, it is in liquid form at 100 degrees celsius, it is in a solid form at 50 degrees celsius
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Who was the first scientist to knowingly use attenuated bacteria in vaccination?
Pasteur and Roux
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Name major discoveries in the field of immunology?
Injection with attenuated microorganisms that provided immunity, discovery of antibodies, and the discovery of immune system cells
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Who made the discovery that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy?
Sergei Winogradsky
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What is the name for the genetic information that an organism contains?
Genome
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What is the name for molecules made by combining two or more different DNA molecules together?
Recombinant DNA molecules
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Which field of microbiology that studies the spread of communicable disease, detects outbreaks, and implements appropriate control measures called?
Epidemiology
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Which field of microbiology that studies the role of divers microorganisms in the environment?
Microbial ecology
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Which field of microbiology researches new uses for microbes and and ways of culturing and isolating their products?
Industrial microbiology
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CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE
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Microorganisms are always one millimeter or less in diameter
FALSE
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Classification of microbes is difficult due to their vast diversity
TRUE
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The five-kingdom classification system is widely accepted and used in the field of microbiology
FALSE
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Viruses, viroids, and virusoids are examples of cellular entities studied by microbiologists
FALSE
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All bacteria are pathogens, or disease-causing organisms
FALSE
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The archaea are different than the bacteria in regards to cell wall composition and plasma membrane lipids
TRUE
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The domain eukarya includes some microbial members
TRUE
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Together, algae and cyanobacteria produce about 75% of planet’s oxygen
TRUE
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Most fungi are unicellular
FALSE
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Viruses cannot live outside a host cell
TRUE
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Scientific theories are proven absolutely with many observations and experiments
FALSE
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Hypotheses that are refuted through experimentation are of no value to the scientific community
FALSE
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Unlike other fields of microbiology, the study of microbial evolution does not follow the scientific methods
FALSE
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The primitive earth was hospitable for the evolution of early life
FALSE
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Organisms alive today can assist scientists in understanding the origins of life
TRUE
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Microbial fossils indicate that microbial life began approximately 3.5 billion years ago
TRUE
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Due to its ability to do cellular work, DNA was likely the first self-replicating molecule on the planet
FALSE
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In the RNA world, RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information, as well as catalyzing other chemical reactions
TRUE
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The appearance of cyanobacteria-like cells released oxygen and altered the Earth’s atmosphere allowing the evolution of aerobic respiration
TRUE
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The universal phylogenetic Tree is based on comparison of small subunit rRNA molecules
TRUE
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Evolutionary distance between organisms can indicate definitely when they diverged from one another
FALSE
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The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is well known and characterized
FALSE
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Organisms with similar nucleotide sequences are more distantly related evolutionarily
FALSE
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The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of eukaryotic organelles
TRUE
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In the hydrogen hypothesis, if an endosymbiont developed the capacity to perform aerobic respiration, it evolved into a mitochondrion
TRUE
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Sexual reproduction is the primary means of generating genetic diversity in the archaea
FALSE
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The bacteria and the archaea are easily classified using the biological species concept of eukaryotes
FALSE
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The linnaean binomial classification system is applied to the bacteria and the archaea
TRUE
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Microbiology is defined both by the organisms it studies and the tools used to study them
TRUE
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Culturing microorganisms outside of their natural environment provides valuable information about their ecology
FALSE
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Scientists have been observing organisms with microscopy since the 1600s
TRUE
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The theory of spontaneous generation advanced the field of microbiology
FALSE
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Many scientists throughout the 1700s to 1800s disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through repeated experimentation and observations
TRUE
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The belief in spontaneous generation was an obstacle to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline
TRUE
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Pasteurization is widely used today to destroy undesirable microbes in food and beverages
TRUE
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The use of antiseptics in the 1800s transformed the field of surgery and provided strong indirect evidence for the role of microorganisms in disease
TRUE
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The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study of anthrax
TRUE
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Koch’s postulates are applicable and feasible for all microbes
FALSE
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Injection of attenuated virus is usually lethal
FALSE
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CHAPTER 3 SELF QUIZ
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In what way are bacterial and archaeal cells similar?
In cellular organization
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How are bacterial cells that grow in irregular groups and divide in random planes are characterized as what?
Staphylococci
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Which characteristics contribute to variation in bacterial and archaeal size and shape?
Surface area-to-volume ratio, presence of filamentous structures, and cytoskeletal elements
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Describe the layers of bacterial cellular organization (starting internally and working outward)
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsule
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What is the purpose of the nucleoid in bacterial and archaeal cells?
Localization of genetic material
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What is the function of the plasma membrane in bacterial cells?
To detect and respond to chemicals in the surrounding environment, to provide a selectively permeable barrier, and to facilitate important metabolic processes
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How would you best describe the current understanding of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure?
Phospholipid bilayer with peripheral and integral membrane proteins
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Why are hopanoids important to bacterial cells?
Because they likely provide membrane stability
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How would you best describe the bacterial cell wall?
It protects the cell from osmotic lysis, contributes to pathogenicity, and site of action of several antibiotics
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Most gram-positive bacterial cells exhibit which characteristics?
Thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acids and small periplasmic space
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Most gram-negative bacterial cells exhibit which characteristics?
Thin layer of peptidoglycan without teichoic acids, large periplasmic space, and outer membrane
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What is the function of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) on gram-negative bacterial cells?
To assist in evading the host immune response, to contribute to the negative charge on the cell surface, and to create a permeability barrier
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Why do gram-positive cells stain purple?
Because ethanol shrinks the peptidoglycan pores and prevents loss of crystal violet
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If bacterial cells treated with lysozyme are placed into a hypotonic solution, what would be the result?
The cells would likely swell and lyse
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How do slime layers assist bacterial cells?
By facilitating motility
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What is a unique feature of archaeal cell s-layers?
They are located just outside the plasma membrane
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Why are archaeal membrane lipids unique?
Because they contain branched hydrocarbons derived from isoprene units, they are attached to glycerol by ether links, and they are often composed of C20 diethers and C40 tetraethers
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What is the best way to describe the most common archaeal cell wall?
S-layer composed of glycoproteins or proteins
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How would you best describe the function of the bacterial cytoskeleton?
It facilitates cell division, localizes proteins to certain sites in the cell, and determines cell shape
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Ladderlane lipids compose which of the following bacterial organelles?
Anammoxosomes
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When aquatic bacteria are living under phosphorus-limited conditions with abundant carbon availability, which of the following structures may be visible via microscopy?
Glycogen inclusions
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Which structures allow aquatic bacteria to orient themselves in the earth’s magnetic field?
Magnetosomes
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What is the function of ribosome in the bacterial cell?
To synthesize proteins
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Give a true statement regarding plasmids
The replicate autonomously
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What is the name of a bacterial cell with flagella spread evenly over the whole surface?
Peritrichous
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What is the primary function of bacterial flagella?
Motility
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How do archaeal flagella differ from bacterial flagella?
They are thinner than bacterial flagella, they are composed of multiple subunit types, and their flagellum is solid instead of hollow
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What is flagellar movement driven by?
Proton-motive force
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Which bacterial movements are type IV pili associated with?
Twitching motility
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What allows for bacterial cells to sense a chemical gradient and respond appropriately?
Chemoreceptors
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What is a true statement regarding bacterial endospores?
Endospores survive in nutrient limited conditions
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Which structure of the endospore contributes to its resistance to heat and other lethal agents?
The exporium and spore coat, the inner membrane, and the core
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What has viviparity been observed in?
Epulopscium fishelsoni
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CHAPTER 3 TRUE/FALSE
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Bacteria and archaea are uniform in shape and size
FALSE
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Pleomorphic cells are variable in shape and lack a single, characteristic form
TRUE
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Larger cells have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio
FALSE
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Bacterial and arachaeal cells share a common cell organization
TRUE
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Peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane are easily removed and comprise up to 30% of membrane proteins
TRUE
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Scientists agree upon all aspects of the fluid mosaic model
FALSE
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At higher temperatures, bacterial phospholipids have more saturated fatty acids
TRUE
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Hopanoids in bacterial cell membranes contribute significantly to the world’s petroleum formation
TRUE
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Peptidoglycan is common to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells
TRUE
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Periplasmic space comprises a larger portion (20-40%) of the gram-positive cell wall
FALSE
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The component of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), lipid A, elicits an immune response by an infected host
FALSE
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In the gram staining preocedure, iodine is used to promote dye retention
TRUE
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Capsules are layers outside the cell wall that are well organize and not easily washed off
TRUE
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S-layers are currently being studies for their potential use in the field of nanotechnology
TRUE
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Archaeal membrane lipids are capable of forming pentacyclic rings
TRUE
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Archaeal cell walls have the same chemical composition as bacterial cell walls
FALSE
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Eukaryotic and bacterial cytoskeletons have analogous components
TRUE
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Polyphosphate granules store phosphate in bacterial cells living in nutrient-limited conditions
TRUE
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Archaeal and bacterial ribosomes have the same make up and size
FALSE
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All bacteria have one circular chromosome
FALSE
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Bacteria cells can lose plasmids spontaneously
TRUE
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Type IV pili are involved in bacterial motility and uptake of DNA during transformation
TRUE
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Chemotaxis is best described as random, aimless movement in bacteria and archaea
FALSE
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Endospore position in the sporangium is valuable for identification of some bacterial species
TRUE
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CHAPTER 5 SELF QUIZ
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The genetic material found in a virion is usually what?
Either DNA or RNA
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Viral particles are composed of what?
DNA or RNA, a coat of protein, and layers of carbohydrates, lipids and additional proteins
