MicroBio Q's TF CH 1

Question 1

Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus and without compartmentalization are called what?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called what?

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

What scientific advances influenced microbial classification?

Answer 3

The use of electron microscopy to study detailed structures of microbial cells, the determination of the biochemical and physiological characteristics of many microbes, and the sequencing of nucleic acids and proteins from a wide variety of microbes

Question 4

Comparison of ribosomal RNA from a variety of organisms led to what classification schemes?

Answer 4

Two-domain classification scheme

Question 5

How would you best describe bacteria?

Answer 5

Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan

Question 6

How would you best describe archaea?

Answer 6

Usually live in extreme environments, exhibit unusual metabolic characteristics, and plasma membrane composed of unique lipids

Question 7

Name a microorganism that the domain Eukarya includes

Answer 7

Protists

Question 8

Name the major types of protist… (4)

Answer 8

Algae, protozoa, slime and water molds

Question 9

What is a diverse group of microorganisms that are multicellular, form hyphae, and absorb nutrients from the environment called?

Answer 9

Fungi

Question 10

What do viruses require?

Answer 10

Host cells to replicate

Question 11

What is the name for an infectious protein that causes spongiform encephalopathies?

Answer 11

Prions

Question 12

In the scientific method, and educated guess used to explain observations is called what?

Answer 12

A hypothesis

Question 13

What would microbiologists consider to be an important attribute of life?

Answer 13

Reproduction

Question 14

What was most likely the first self-replicating molecule on the primitive earth?

Answer 14

RNA

Question 15

Why was RNA most likely the first self-replicating molecule?

Answer 15

It can catalyze chemical reactions, it can regulate gene expression, and ATP (the energy currency of the cell) is composed of a ribonucleotide

Question 16

The universal phylogenetic tree was constructed from comparison of which molecule amongst diverse organisms?

Answer 16

SSU rRNA

Question 17

According to the universal phylogenetic tree…?

Answer 17

The eukarya and the archaea are more closely related and evolved from a common ancestor after the bacteria

Question 18

Describe the origin of the eukaryotic organelles?

Answer 18

The endosymbiotic hypothesis

Question 19

The hydrogen hypothesis describe the evolution of which eukaryotic organelle?

Answer 19

Mitochondria

Question 20

A major source of genetic diversity in bacteria is what?

Answer 20

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 21

Why is the traditional biological species concept applied to some eukaryotes not valid for bacteria?

Answer 21

Because bacteria reproduce asexually

Question 22

What is the name for a collection of bacterial or archaeal strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains?

Answer 22

Species

Question 23

What are important methods to microbiologists?

Answer 23

Microscopy, culture techniques, and genomic analysis

Question 24

Who constructed simple microscopes, observed bacteria and protists, and reported his findings to the Royal Society of London?

Answer 24

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Question 25

What observation made by Francesco Redi refuted the idea of spontaneous generation?

Answer 25

He covered pieces of meat and they did not produce maggots spontaneously

Question 26

Which scientists contributed to disproving spontaneous generation?

Answer 26

Francesco Redi, John Needham, and Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 27

Which scientist linked silkworm disease with a fungus?

Answer 27

Agostino Bassi

Question 28

What the processes of heating liquids to destroy undesirable microbes called?

Answer 28

Pasteurization

Question 29

Who first used phenol in surgery to prevent microorganisms from entering the wounds?

Answer 29

Joseph Lister

Question 30

Make a statement to best illustrate Koch's postulates?

Answer 30

The suspected organisms are isolated and grown in pure culture

Question 31

Why is agar an ideal solidifying agent for growing bacteria?

Answer 31

Because it is not broken down by most bacteria, it is in liquid form at 100 degrees celsius, it is in a solid form at 50 degrees celsius

Question 32

Who was the first scientist to knowingly use attenuated bacteria in vaccination?

Answer 32

Pasteur and Roux

Question 33

Name major discoveries in the field of immunology?

Answer 33

Injection with attenuated microorganisms that provided immunity, discovery of antibodies, and the discovery of immune system cells

Question 34

Who made the discovery that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy?

Answer 34

Sergei Winogradsky

Question 35

What is the name for the genetic information that an organism contains?

Answer 35

Genome

Question 36

What is the name for molecules made by combining two or more different DNA molecules together?

Answer 36

Recombinant DNA molecules

Question 37

Which field of microbiology that studies the spread of communicable disease, detects outbreaks, and implements appropriate control measures called?

Answer 37

Epidemiology

Question 38

Which field of microbiology that studies the role of divers microorganisms in the environment?

Answer 38

Microbial ecology

Question 39

Which field of microbiology researches new uses for microbes and and ways of culturing and isolating their products?

Answer 39

Industrial microbiology

Question 40

CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE

Answer 40

~~~~~~Next 39 note cards~~~~~~

Question 41

T/F Microorganisms are always one millimeter or less in diameter

Answer 41

FALSE

Question 42

T/F Classification of microbes is difficult due to their vast diversity

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

T/F The five-kingdom classification system is widely accepted and used in the field of microbiology

Answer 43

FALSE

Question 44

T/F Viruses, viroids, and virusoids are examples of cellular entities studied by microbiologists

Answer 44

FALSE

Question 45

T/F All bacteria are pathogens, or disease-causing organisms

Answer 45

FALSE

Question 46

T/F The archaea are different than the bacteria in regards to cell wall composition and plasma membrane lipids

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

T/F The domain eukarya includes some microbial members

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

T/F Together, algae and cyanobacteria produce about 75% of planet's oxygen

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

T/F Most fungi are unicellular

Answer 49

FALSE

Question 50

T/F Viruses cannot live outside a host cell

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

T/F Scientific theories are proven absolutely with many observations and experiments

Answer 51

FALSE

Question 52

Hypotheses that are refuted through experimentation are of no value to the scientific community

Answer 52

FALSE

Question 53

Unlike other fields of microbiology, the study of microbial evolution does not follow the scientific methods

Answer 53

FALSE

Question 54

The primitive earth was hospitable for the evolution of early life

Answer 54

FALSE

Question 55

Organisms alive today can assist scientists in understanding the origins of life

Answer 55

TRUE

Question 56

Microbial fossils indicate that microbial life began approximately 3.5 billion years ago

Answer 56

TRUE

Question 57

Due to its ability to do cellular work, DNA was likely the first self-replicating molecule on the planet

Answer 57

FALSE

Question 58

In the RNA world, RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information, as well as catalyzing other chemical reactions

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

The appearance of cyanobacteria-like cells released oxygen and altered the Earth's atmosphere allowing the evolution of aerobic respiration

Answer 59

TRUE

Question 60

The universal phylogenetic Tree is based on comparison of small subunit rRNA molecules

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

Evolutionary distance between organisms can indicate definitely when they diverged from one another

Answer 61

FALSE

Question 62

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is well known and characterized

Answer 62

FALSE

Question 63

Organisms with similar nucleotide sequences are more distantly related evolutionarily

Answer 63

FALSE

Question 64

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of eukaryotic organelles

Answer 64

TRUE

Question 65

In the hydrogen hypothesis, if an endosymbiont developed the capacity to perform aerobic respiration, it evolved into a mitochondrion

Answer 65

TRUE

Question 66

Sexual reproduction is the primary means of generating genetic diversity in the archaea

Answer 66

FALSE

Question 67

The bacteria and the archaea are easily classified using the biological species concept of eukaryotes

Answer 67

FALSE

Question 68

The linnaean binomial classification system is applied to the bacteria and the archaea

Answer 68

TRUE

Question 69

Microbiology is defined both by the organisms it studies and the tools used to study them

Answer 69

TRUE

Question 70

Culturing microorganisms outside of their natural environment provides valuable information about their ecology

Answer 70

FALSE

Question 71

Scientists have been observing organisms with microscopy since the 1600s

Answer 71

TRUE

Question 72

The theory of spontaneous generation advanced the field of microbiology

Answer 72

FALSE

Question 73

Many scientists throughout the 1700s to 1800s disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through repeated experimentation and observations

Answer 73

TRUE

Question 74

The belief in spontaneous generation was an obstacle to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline

Answer 74

TRUE

Question 75

Pasteurization is widely used today to destroy undesirable microbes in food and beverages

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

The use of antiseptics in the 1800s transformed the field of surgery and provided strong indirect evidence for the role of microorganisms in disease

Answer 76

TRUE

Question 77

The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study of anthrax

Answer 77

TRUE

Question 78

Koch's postulates are applicable and feasible for all microbes

Answer 78

FALSE

Question 79

Injection of attenuated virus is usually lethal

Answer 79

FALSE