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MicroBiology > MicroBio Q's TF CH 1 > Flashcards

MicroBio Q's TF CH 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus and without compartmentalization are called what?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called what?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What scientific advances influenced microbial classification?

A

The use of electron microscopy to study detailed structures of microbial cells, the determination of the biochemical and physiological characteristics of many microbes, and the sequencing of nucleic acids and proteins from a wide variety of microbes

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4
Q

Comparison of ribosomal RNA from a variety of organisms led to what classification schemes?

A

Two-domain classification scheme

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5
Q

How would you best describe bacteria?

A

Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

How would you best describe archaea?

A

Usually live in extreme environments, exhibit unusual metabolic characteristics, and plasma membrane composed of unique lipids

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7
Q

Name a microorganism that the domain Eukarya includes

A

Protists

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8
Q

Name the major types of protist… (4)

A

Algae, protozoa, slime and water molds

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9
Q

What is a diverse group of microorganisms that are multicellular, form hyphae, and absorb nutrients from the environment called?

A

Fungi

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10
Q

What do viruses require?

A

Host cells to replicate

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11
Q

What is the name for an infectious protein that causes spongiform encephalopathies?

A

Prions

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12
Q

In the scientific method, and educated guess used to explain observations is called what?

A

A hypothesis

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13
Q

What would microbiologists consider to be an important attribute of life?

A

Reproduction

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14
Q

What was most likely the first self-replicating molecule on the primitive earth?

A

RNA

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15
Q

Why was RNA most likely the first self-replicating molecule?

A

It can catalyze chemical reactions, it can regulate gene expression, and ATP (the energy currency of the cell) is composed of a ribonucleotide

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16
Q

The universal phylogenetic tree was constructed from comparison of which molecule amongst diverse organisms?

A

SSU rRNA

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17
Q

According to the universal phylogenetic tree…?

A

The eukarya and the archaea are more closely related and evolved from a common ancestor after the bacteria

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18
Q

Describe the origin of the eukaryotic organelles?

A

The endosymbiotic hypothesis

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19
Q

The hydrogen hypothesis describe the evolution of which eukaryotic organelle?

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

A major source of genetic diversity in bacteria is what?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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21
Q

Why is the traditional biological species concept applied to some eukaryotes not valid for bacteria?

A

Because bacteria reproduce asexually

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22
Q

What is the name for a collection of bacterial or archaeal strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains?

A

Species

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23
Q

What are important methods to microbiologists?

A

Microscopy, culture techniques, and genomic analysis

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24
Q

Who constructed simple microscopes, observed bacteria and protists, and reported his findings to the Royal Society of London?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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25
Q

What observation made by Francesco Redi refuted the idea of spontaneous generation?

A

He covered pieces of meat and they did not produce maggots spontaneously

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26
Q

Which scientists contributed to disproving spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi, John Needham, and Lazzaro Spallanzani

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27
Q

Which scientist linked silkworm disease with a fungus?

A

Agostino Bassi

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28
Q

What the processes of heating liquids to destroy undesirable microbes called?

A

Pasteurization

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29
Q

Who first used phenol in surgery to prevent microorganisms from entering the wounds?

A

Joseph Lister

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30
Q

Make a statement to best illustrate Koch’s postulates?

A

The suspected organisms are isolated and grown in pure culture

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31
Q

Why is agar an ideal solidifying agent for growing bacteria?

A

Because it is not broken down by most bacteria, it is in liquid form at 100 degrees celsius, it is in a solid form at 50 degrees celsius

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32
Q

Who was the first scientist to knowingly use attenuated bacteria in vaccination?

A

Pasteur and Roux

33
Q

Name major discoveries in the field of immunology?

A

Injection with attenuated microorganisms that provided immunity, discovery of antibodies, and the discovery of immune system cells

34
Q

Who made the discovery that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy?

A

Sergei Winogradsky

35
Q

What is the name for the genetic information that an organism contains?

A

Genome

36
Q

What is the name for molecules made by combining two or more different DNA molecules together?

A

Recombinant DNA molecules

37
Q

Which field of microbiology that studies the spread of communicable disease, detects outbreaks, and implements appropriate control measures called?

A

Epidemiology

38
Q

Which field of microbiology that studies the role of divers microorganisms in the environment?

A

Microbial ecology

39
Q

Which field of microbiology researches new uses for microbes and and ways of culturing and isolating their products?

A

Industrial microbiology

40
Q

CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE

A

~~~~~~Next 39 note cards~~~~~~

41
Q

T/F Microorganisms are always one millimeter or less in diameter

A

FALSE

42
Q

T/F Classification of microbes is difficult due to their vast diversity

A

TRUE

43
Q

T/F The five-kingdom classification system is widely accepted and used in the field of microbiology

A

FALSE

44
Q

T/F Viruses, viroids, and virusoids are examples of cellular entities studied by microbiologists

A

FALSE

45
Q

T/F All bacteria are pathogens, or disease-causing organisms

A

FALSE

46
Q

T/F The archaea are different than the bacteria in regards to cell wall composition and plasma membrane lipids

A

TRUE

47
Q

T/F The domain eukarya includes some microbial members

A

TRUE

48
Q

T/F Together, algae and cyanobacteria produce about 75% of planet’s oxygen

A

TRUE

49
Q

T/F Most fungi are unicellular

A

FALSE

50
Q

T/F Viruses cannot live outside a host cell

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F Scientific theories are proven absolutely with many observations and experiments

A

FALSE

52
Q

Hypotheses that are refuted through experimentation are of no value to the scientific community

A

FALSE

53
Q

Unlike other fields of microbiology, the study of microbial evolution does not follow the scientific methods

A

FALSE

54
Q

The primitive earth was hospitable for the evolution of early life

A

FALSE

55
Q

Organisms alive today can assist scientists in understanding the origins of life

A

TRUE

56
Q

Microbial fossils indicate that microbial life began approximately 3.5 billion years ago

A

TRUE

57
Q

Due to its ability to do cellular work, DNA was likely the first self-replicating molecule on the planet

A

FALSE

58
Q

In the RNA world, RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information, as well as catalyzing other chemical reactions

A

TRUE

59
Q

The appearance of cyanobacteria-like cells released oxygen and altered the Earth’s atmosphere allowing the evolution of aerobic respiration

A

TRUE

60
Q

The universal phylogenetic Tree is based on comparison of small subunit rRNA molecules

A

TRUE

61
Q

Evolutionary distance between organisms can indicate definitely when they diverged from one another

A

FALSE

62
Q

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is well known and characterized

A

FALSE

63
Q

Organisms with similar nucleotide sequences are more distantly related evolutionarily

A

FALSE

64
Q

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of eukaryotic organelles

A

TRUE

65
Q

In the hydrogen hypothesis, if an endosymbiont developed the capacity to perform aerobic respiration, it evolved into a mitochondrion

A

TRUE

66
Q

Sexual reproduction is the primary means of generating genetic diversity in the archaea

A

FALSE

67
Q

The bacteria and the archaea are easily classified using the biological species concept of eukaryotes

A

FALSE

68
Q

The linnaean binomial classification system is applied to the bacteria and the archaea

A

TRUE

69
Q

Microbiology is defined both by the organisms it studies and the tools used to study them

A

TRUE

70
Q

Culturing microorganisms outside of their natural environment provides valuable information about their ecology

A

FALSE

71
Q

Scientists have been observing organisms with microscopy since the 1600s

A

TRUE

72
Q

The theory of spontaneous generation advanced the field of microbiology

A

FALSE

73
Q

Many scientists throughout the 1700s to 1800s disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through repeated experimentation and observations

A

TRUE

74
Q

The belief in spontaneous generation was an obstacle to the development of microbiology as a scientific discipline

A

TRUE

75
Q

Pasteurization is widely used today to destroy undesirable microbes in food and beverages

A

TRUE

76
Q

The use of antiseptics in the 1800s transformed the field of surgery and provided strong indirect evidence for the role of microorganisms in disease

A

TRUE

77
Q

The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study of anthrax

A

TRUE

78
Q

Koch’s postulates are applicable and feasible for all microbes

A

FALSE

79
Q

Injection of attenuated virus is usually lethal

A

FALSE

MicroBiology (18 decks)

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