VOCAB: Lion & the Mouse Flashcards
Parvatasya
‘Of a mountain’
√parvata : masc, ‘mountain/ mountain range’
kandare
‘In a cave’
√kandara : Masc, ‘natural cave’
avasat
VERB
‘lived’
Imperfect 3rd pers.
√vas : ‘to dwell, live, remain, abide’
mūṣakena
‘By a mouse/ rat’
masc. Instr.
√ mūṣaka
kesarāgram
‘The tip of the hair/mane’
Ntr. Acc. Sg
kesara = (ntr) ‘The hair’
agra = (ntr) ‘foremost point, or part, tip’.
niśāyām
“At night”
‘In the night’
Fem. Loc. Sg
√niśā = (fem.)
chinnam
VERB
‘[was] cut off’
√छिद् √chid “to cut (off)”
saḥ siṃhaḥ
‘That lion’
‘The lion’
Nom. Masc. Sg
paramam krodham
‘Greatly angry’
‘Supremely angry’
Masc. Acc. Sg
√krodha = (m.) ‘anger, wrath, passion’
viditvā
VERB
‘Having realised’
‘Having learned’
√vid (class 2) = ‘to know, understand, perceive, learn’
prātaḥ buddhvā
‘Having awoken in the early morning’
‘Having awoken at dawn’
Buddhvā = having awoken
√prātar (indc.) = ‘in the early morning, at daybreak, at dawn,’
kṣudraḥ
Agreeing with ayam mūṣakaḥ
‘a tiny’
‘very small’
Adj.
√kṣudra = ‘minute, diminutive, tiny, very small’
jantuḥ
Agreeing with ‘ayam mūṣakaḥ kṣudraḥ’
‘creature’
masc. noun
Jantu = a creature, living being, man, person (the sg. also used collectively) E.g. सर्व jantu
tataḥ tam nihantum na dharmyam
‘So, [it is] not right [for me] to kill him’
‘So, [it is] not dharma [for me] to kill him’.
‘Thus, to kill him [is] not dharma’.
nihantum = Infinitive √han (class 2 verb) = ‘to kill’
tataḥ = So, thus, therefore.
tam = Acc, Masc. 3rd person (personal) pronoun = ‘he / the/ him’
ayam / eṣaḥ
saḥ / asau
‘this’ -> (present, or near to the speaker)
‘that’ -> (not present, or far from the speaker)
Ayam, when used in doscourse, can also mean -> ‘that which follows’.
“tena sadṛśam eva jantum {tam nihantum} puras-kartum dharmyam bhavati” iti ā-locya, svagrāmam gatvā, prayatnāt ānīya, tena siṃhena mārjāraḥ kandare dhṛtaḥ.
LIST ALL THE infinitives
jantum
puras-kartum
nihantum
jantum = ‘a creature’ - agrees with tam nihantum
puras-kartum = √kṛ = to appoint
nihantum = to kill
iti ā-locya, svagrāmam gatvā, prayatnāt ānīya, tena siṃhena mārjāraḥ kandare dhṛtaḥ
ANALYSE THE CLAUSE.
dhṛtaḥ = PPP, passive verb. √dhṛ
‘to maintain, preserve, keep’
Tena siṃhena= (Log. Gram. Subject) = ‘By the lion’
Kandare = (Loc.) ‘in the cave’
mārjāraḥ = (Nom. Masc. the patient) = ‘A cat’
ānīya : (Gerund) = to lead, guide, conduct. To bring back.
(pra)yatnāt: (abl. masc) = with special effort, care.
ā-locya: Gerund = Having seen, having understood.
Having thus reflected, having gone to his village, having brought back [a cat] with some effort, the lion kept a cat in the cave.
“tena sadṛśam eva jantum {tam nihantum} puras-kartum dharmyam bhavati” [iti]
ANALYSE THE CLAUSE
Bhavati = 3rd. person. Present Ind Active= ‘He,she, it is’
puras-kartum: Infinitive = ‘To appoint’
tam nihantum: Infinitive = ‘to kill him’ [tam= 3rd pers. acc. pronoun]
eva jantum = a creature
sadṛśam = sadṛśa ‘like, resembling, similar to’
“It is correct [dharmya] to appoint a creature similar (like) him [the mouse] to kill him”
tadā tadā siṃhena māṃsasya
khaṇḍaḥ mārjārāya dattaḥ.
ANALYSE THE CLAUSE
Dattaḥ = Ta-participle, agreeing with khaṇḍaḥ = ‘having given [a piece, part, fragment, portion]
mārjārāya = (Dat.) ‘to, for the cat’
māṃsasya = (Gen) of māṃs (Ntr. sg. and pl) = “of flesh, meat”
tadā tadā = distributive = ‘then, always’
Then, a piece of meat was given to the cat by the lion.
anantaram yadā yadā tasya mūṣakasya śabdaḥ śrutaḥ |
Analyse the clause
yadā yadā = distributive = whenever
tasya mūṣakasya : (Gen.) = ‘of the mouse’
śabdaḥ śrutaḥ = Ta-participle, agreeing with śabdaḥ. ‘Having heard the sound (squeak)’
Afterward, whenever [the lion] heard the mouse’s squeak (the squeak of the mouse) …
tataḥ katipayān divasān mārjārāt bhayena mūṣakaḥ bahiḥ svavivarāt na agacchat |
Analyse the verse.
na agacchat: Imp. verb, 3rd. person masc. = ‘he did not come out’
mūṣakaḥ bahiḥ = governed by finite verb agacchat. (nom. masc. sg) = ‘The mouse [did not come] out’
svavivarāt = (Abl.) ‘From his hole/ fissure’
katipayān (adj.) divasān (Pl. Acc. Masc of divasa) = ‘a certain number / so many days’
bhayena: (Instr. ntr) = ‘by fear, from fear’.
mārjārāt : (Abl.) = ‘From the cat’.
So, the mouse did not come out of his hole for several days by fear from the cat.
Thus, out of fear of the cat, the mouse did not come out of his hole for several days |
svavivarāt = sva + vivara. Vivara (masc/ntr.) = ‘a fissure, hole, chasm’.
भय = (ntr.) (√भी) fear, alarm, dread, apprehension.
ekasmin dine tu kṣudhayā pīḍitaḥ mūṣakaḥ nirgamya mārjāreṇa dṛṣṭaḥ tatra eva vyāpāditaḥ bhakṣitaḥ ca. |
List/ analyse all the verbs.
bhakṣitaḥ =(PPP) ‘Having been devoured’
vyāpāditaḥ = (PPP) ‘ Was killed’
dṛṣṭaḥ = (PPP) ‘ Having been seen’
nirgamya = Gerund = ‘Having come close, having come out’
pīḍitaḥ = (PPP) ‘having been oppressed’
Last verb / main verb = passive, so mārjāreṇa will be logical subject of the verse. The thing that is ‘logically’ doing all the verbs. (While mūṣakaḥ is the grammatical subject).
ekasmin dine tu kṣudhayā pīḍitaḥ mūṣakaḥ nirgamya mārjāreṇa dṛṣṭaḥ tatra eva vyāpāditaḥ bhakṣitaḥ ca |
Analyse the verse.
tu = ‘But’
ekasmin dine (Loc. of time) [similar syntax to tasmin kale] = ‘One day’
Tatra eva = ‘right there’
kṣudhayā (Fem. Instr) = √kṣudhā = ‘By hunger’.
But one day, oppressed by hunger, the mouse, having come out [of his hole], having been seen [by the cat], [the mouse] was killed and devoured right there by the cat.
