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1st Semester > VOCAB GHC Ch 3: Earthquake Geology and Seismology > Flashcards

VOCAB GHC Ch 3: Earthquake Geology and Seismology Flashcards

1
Q

acceleration

A

(1) To cause to move faster. (2) The rate of change of motion.

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2
Q

aftershock

A

A smaller earthquake following a mainshock on the same section of a fault. Aftershocks can continue for years following a large mainshock.

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3
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum displacement or height of a wave crest or depth of a trough.

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4
Q

base isolation

A

Protecting buildings from earthquakes ny isolating the base of the building form the shaking ground via rollers, shock absorbers, etc.

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5
Q

body waves

A

Seismic wave that travels through the body of the earth– for example, primary and secondary waves.

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6
Q

compression

A

A state of stress that causes a pushing together or contraction.

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7
Q

cross-section

A

A two-dimensional drawing showing features in the vertical plane, as in a canyon wall or road cut.

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8
Q

dip

A

The angle of inclination measured in degrees from the horizontal.

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9
Q

dip-slip fault

A

Fault where most of the movement is either up or down in response to pushing or pulling.

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10
Q

fault

A

A fracture or belt of fractures where the two sides move past each other.

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11
Q

footwall

A

The underlying side or block of a fault.

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12
Q

foreshock

A

A smaller earthquake that precedes a mainshock on the same section of a fault.

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13
Q

facture

A

A general term for any breaks in rock. Fractures include faults, joints, and cracks.

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14
Q

frequency

A

Number of events in a given time interval. For earthquakes, it is the number of cycles of seismic waves that pass in a second; frequency = 1/period.

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15
Q

friction

A

The resistance to motion of two bodies in contact.

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16
Q

granite

A

A quartz-rich plutonic rock.

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17
Q

hangingwall

A

The overlying side or block of a fault.

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18
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

One hertz equals one cycle per second.

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19
Q

hypocenter

A

The initial portion of a fault that moved to generate an earthquake.Hypocenters are below the ground surface; epicenters are above them on the surface.

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20
Q

inertia

A

The property of matter by which it will remain at rest unless acted on by an external force.

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21
Q

joint

A

A fracture or parting in rock.

22
Q

law of original continutiy

A

A water-laid sediment body continues laterally in all directions until it thins out do to nondeposition or butts against the edge of the basin of deposition.

23
Q

law of original horizontality

A

Sediments are deposited in nearly horizontal layers.

24
Q

law of superposition

A

In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the base, and ages are progressively younger to the top.

25
Q

left-lateral fault

A

A strike-slip fault where most of the displacement is toward the left hand of a person straddling the fault.

26
Q

magnitude

A

An assessment of the size of an an event.

27
Q

mainshock

A

The largest earthquake in a sequence.

28
Q

map

A

A two-dimensional representation showing the features in a near-horizontal surface, such as the ground.

29
Q

normal fault

A

A dip-slip fault in which the upper fault block has moved downward in response to tensional stress.

30
Q

period

A

The length of time for a complete cycle of seismic waves to pass; equals 1/frequency.

31
Q

permeability

A

The capacity of a porous material to transmit fluids.

32
Q

primary (P) wave

A

The first seismic wave to reach a seismometer. Movement is by alternating

33
Q

resonance

A

The act of resounding, ringing.

34
Q

retrofit

A

Reinforcement or strengthening of an existing building or other structure.

35
Q

reverse fault

A

A dip-slip fault where the upper fault block has moved upward in response to compressional stresses.

36
Q

right-lateral fault

A

A strike-slip fault where most of the displacement is toward the right hand of a person straddling the fault.

37
Q

secondary (S) wave

A

Second seismic wave to arrive at the seismometer. S waves move only through solid bodies.

38
Q

seism

A

Earthquake

39
Q

seismic moment

A

A measure of earthquake size that involves amount of movement on the fault, the shear strength of the rocks, and the area of fault rupture.

40
Q

seismic wave

A

A general term for all waves generated by earthquakes.

41
Q

seismogram

A

The record made by a seismograph.

42
Q

seismograph

A

An instrument that records vibrations of the Earth.

43
Q

seismology

A

The study of seismic waves generated by earthquakes.

44
Q

seismometer

A

An instrument that detects Earth motions.

45
Q

shear

A

The failure of a body where the mass on one side slides past the portion on the other side.

46
Q

stress

A

External forces acting on masses or along surfaces; forces include shear, tension, and compression.

47
Q

strike

A

The compass bearing of the trend of a rock layer as viewed in the horizontal plane.

48
Q

strike-slip fault

A

Fault where most of the movement is horizontal or slide-past in character.

49
Q

surface waves

A

A class of seismic waves that travel along the surface only– for example, Love and Rayleigh waves.

50
Q

tension

A

A state of stress that tends to pull a body apart.

51
Q

transform fault

A

A strike-slip fault that connects the ends of two offset segments of plate edges, such as spreading centers or subduction zones.

52
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between two successive wave peaks, or troughs, in seismic waves or ocean waves.

1st Semester (27 decks)

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