GHC Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Has the past decade has brought a staggering number of mega-killer Earthquakes?

A

Yes!

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2
Q

What happens at divergent plate boundaries?

A

Divergent motion causes rocks to fail easily in tension

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3
Q

Earthquakes are typically big or small?

A

small and generally non-threatening

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4
Q

What happens at transform plate boundaries?

A

Plates slide past each other in horizontal movement

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5
Q

How is the energy required to move transform plates released?

A

as large earthquakes

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6
Q

What happens at convergent plate boundaries?

A

Great amounts of energy are required to pull a plate back into the mantle or push continents together

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7
Q

Largest earthquakes are generated at what type of boundaries?

A

convergent boundaries

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8
Q

What are the three types of boundaries?

A

Divergent, transform, and convergent

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9
Q

Where does a plate slide past another plate?

A

transform faults

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10
Q

Where does the Pacific plate subduct?

A

Subducts along northern and western edges

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11
Q

Why is Iceland interesting, relative to plate tectonics?

A

It is a volcanic island fed by hot spot along the mid-Atlantic ridge

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12
Q

What type of earthquakes occur in Iceland?

A

Swarms of moderate earthquakes too small to destroy buildings or kill people

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13
Q

What type of plate boundary is at the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

A

Young spreading center, new ocean basin

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14
Q

East African Rift Valley may someday do what?

A

split ‘Somali’ plate from African plate

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15
Q

What type of plate boundary underlies the Gulf of California, which extends north into U.S., including Salton Sea, Coachella and Imperial Valleys.

A

Spreading center

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16
Q

What are the three types of convergence?

A

Ocean-ocean, Ocean-continent, Continent-continent

17
Q

Ocean-ocean

A

older, denser oceanic plate is subducted

18
Q

Ocean-continent

A

oceanic plate is subducted

19
Q

Continent-continent

A

both plates are too buoyant to be subducted; continental upheaval results

20
Q

Are earthquakes at subduction zones shallow or deep?

21
Q

How do plates move in earthquakes at subduction zones?

A

Compressive movements of overriding plate and subducting plate

22
Q

Earthquakes at what plate boundaries are most damaging?

A

subduction zones

23
Q

Seismic-Gap Method

A

If some segments of a fault have moved recently, it is reasonable to expect that unmoved portions will move next, to fill the gaps

24
Q

Japan, 2011

A

9.0 quake and tsunami

25
The Indonesia 2004 earthquake is an example of what?
One Earthquake Triggers Others
26
The Mexico City 1985 earthquake is an example of what?
Long-Distance Destruction, and Earthquakes Don’t Kill, Buildings Do, and Resonance Matters
27
Where was Earth’s biggest measured earthquake?
Chile, 1960
28
The Good Friday Earthquake, Alaska, 1964, is an example of what?
Subduction of Pacific plate under Alaska creates truly large earthquakes
29
Where is 'The Upcoming Earthquake'?
Pacific Northwest
30
Where was the last major earthquake in Pacific Northwest? Magnitude?
1700, 9
31
What is an example of continent-continent collisions?
India has moved 2,000 km north into Asia since initial contact
32
Where was the deadliest earthquake in history?
China, 1556
33
Why was the China 1556 he deadliest earthquake in history?
Soft soil (with little cohesion) made caves practical homes, but shaking caused ground and caves to collapse
34
What was to blame for the excessive deaths in the Haitian earthquake, 2010?
Bad construction practices and inferior building materials. Earthquakes don't kill, buildings do.
35
What happened to buildings in the earthquakes in Turkey, 1999?
Residential buildings on soft ground, adding sand to concrete resulted in buildings collapsing during shaking