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1st Semester > VOCAB GHC Ch 2: Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

VOCAB GHC Ch 2: Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics Flashcards

0
Q

Fahrenheit

A

temperature scale in which the boiling point of water is 212° and freezing point is 32° Conversion from the centigrade scale is by F= 9/5 C +32.

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1
Q

Centigrade

A

A temperature scale that divides the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water into 100°. Conversion from the Fahrenheit scale is by C=5/9(F -32).

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2
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Combining smaller atoms to make larger atoms, with a resultant release of energy.

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3
Q

Solar radiation

A

Energy emitted from the sun mostly in the infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet wavelengths.

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4
Q

Mantle

A

The largest zone on earth, comprising 83% by volume and 67% by mass.

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5
Q

Core

A

The central zone or nucleus of earth about 2900 km below the surface. The core is made mostly of iron and nickel and exists as a solid inner zone surrounded by a liquid outer shell. Earth’s magnetic field originates within the core.

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6
Q

Crust

A

The outermost layer of the lithosphere, composed of relatively low-density materials. The continental crust has lower density then oceanic crust.

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7
Q

Liquid

A

Implies a flow characteristic of water. It has a definite volume but no definite shape.

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8
Q

Viscous

A

Ease of flow. The more viscous a substance, the less readily flows.

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9
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outer rigid shell of the earth that lies above the asthenosphere and below the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

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10
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The layer of the earth below the lithosphere in which isostatic adjustments take place. The rocks here deform readily and flow slowly.

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11
Q

Mesosphere

A

(One) The mantle from the base of the asthenosphere to the top of the core. (Two) The atmospheric layer about the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.

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12
Q

Fluids

A

Implies a flowing of any material, from gases to highly viscous magma, to something that usually is solid but may be mobilized by heating.

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13
Q

Stress

A

External forces acting on masses or along surfaces; forces include shear, tension, and compression.

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14
Q

Strain

A

A change in the form for size of the body due to external forces.

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15
Q

Elastic

A

Behavior of material whereby stress causes the deformation that is recoverable; when stress stops, material returns to its original state.

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16
Q

Ductile

A

Behavior of material whereby stress causes permanent flow or strain.

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17
Q

Brittle

A

Behavior of material whereby stress causes abrupt fracture.

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18
Q

Plastic

A

The behavior of a material that flows as a fluid (liquid) over time, but is strong (solid) at a moment in time.

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19
Q

Yield stress

A

The stress difference at which permanent deformation first occurs.

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20
Q

Element

A

Distinct varieties of matter; and atom is the smallest particle of an element.

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21
Q

Isostasy

A

The condition of flotational equilibrium wherein the earth’s crust floats upward or downward as loads are removed or added.

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22
Q

Buoyancy

A

The quality being able to float, usually on water or rock.

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23
Q

Acre foot

A

A measure of water volume in which 1 acre of surface is covered 1 foot deep. (An acre is about 90% of the area between the goal lines on the football field.)

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24
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable element containing excess subatomic particles that are admitted to achieve a smaller, stable atom.

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25
Q

Half-life

A

The length of time needed for half of a radioactive sample to lose it’s radioactivity via decay.

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26
Q

Tidal friction

A

Gravitational attraction between earth, moon, and sun stretches the solid mass of the earth and converts some energy from Earth’s rotation into heat.

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27
Q

Tectonic cycle

A

New lithosphere forms at oceanic volcanic ridges, the lithospheric plates spread apart to open ocean basins, and then the oceanic plates are reabsorbed into the mantle at subduction zones.

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28
Q

Tectonics

A

The reformation and movement within the Earth’s outer layers.

30
Q

Topography

A

The shape of Earth’s surface both above and below sea level

31
Q

Seafloor spreading

A

Where tectonic plates pull apart, magma wells up and solidifies to create volcanic mountains, which in turn are pulled apart as new ocean floor.

32
Q

Subduction

A

The process of one lithospheric plate descending beneath another one.

33
Q

Plates

A

A piece of lithosphere that moves atop the asthenosphere. There are a dozen large plates and many smaller ones.

34
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The description of the movements of plates and the effects of plate formation, collision, subduction, and slide-past.

35
Q

Divergence zones

A

A linear zone formed where plates pull apart, as at a spreading center.

36
Q

Continental drift

A

The movement of continents across the face of the earth, including their splitting apart and recombining into new continents.

37
Q

Gondwanaland

A

A southern super-continent that included South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, and India during Jurassic time.

38
Q

Transform faults

A

A strike-slip fault that connects the ends of two offset segments of plate edges, such as spreading centers or subduction zones.

39
Q

Convergence zone

A

A linear area where plates collide and move closer together. This is a zone of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep-ocean trenches.

40
Q

Magnetic field

A

A region where magnetic forces affect any magnetized bodies or electric currents. Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field.

41
Q

Pangaea

A

A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic time when all the continents were unified into a single landmass.

42
Q

Magnetic pole

A

The point where Earth’s magnetic field flows back into the ground. Currently, this point is near the North Pole.

43
Q

Latitude

A

Flat lines across Earth.

44
Q

Magnetism

A

A group of physical phenomena associated with moving electricity.

45
Q

Lava

A

Magma that flows that flows on the Earth’s surface.

46
Q

Curie point

A

The temperature above which a mineral will not be magnetic.

47
Q

Ridge

A

A volcanic mountain range that lies along the spreading centers on the floors of the oceans.

48
Q

Epicenters

A

The point on the surface of the Earth directly above a fault movement. (i.e., earthquake location)

49
Q

Hot spot

A

A place on Earth where a plume of magma has risen upward from the mantle and through a plate to reach the surface.

50
Q

Plume

A

An arm of magma rising upward from the mantle.

51
Q

Fossil

A

Evidence of former life, including bones, shells, teeth, leaves, and footprints.

52
Q

Spreading center

A

The site where plates pull apart and magma flows out onto the surface.

53
Q

Trench

A

The elongate and narrow troughs where ocean water can be more than twice as deep as usual. Trenches mark the down-going edges of subducting plates.

54
Q

Reef

A

An organism-built structure or current-deposited mound of CaCO3 material (limestone).

55
Q

Laurasia

A

A northern supercontinent that included most of North America, Greenland,Europe, and Asia (excluding India) from about 180 to 75 million years ago.

56
Q

Panthalassa

A

A massive, single ocean that occupied 60% of Earth’s surface in late Paleozoic time.

57
Q

Convection

A

A process of heat transfer whereby hot material at depth rises upward due to its lower density while cooler material above sinks because of its higher density.

58
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The concept that the same laws and processes operating on and within Earth throughout geologic time are the same laws and processes operating today.

59
Q

Actualism

A

Using the actual processes operating on Earth today to interpret the past; not inventing unrecognized processes to explain the past.

60
Q

Magma

A

.

61
Q

Igneous rock

A

Rock formed by the solidification (crystallization) of magma.

62
Q

Magma

A

Molten or liquid rock material. It crystallizes (solidifies) on the Earth’s surface as volcanic rock and at depth as plutonic rock.

63
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Splitting the nucleus of an atom, with the resultant release of energy, neutrons, and large daughter products.

64
Q

Sediment

A

Fragments of material of either inorganic or organic origin.

65
Q

What is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the origin of the solar system? Who made it up?

A

It formed by growth of the Sun and planets through collisions of matter within a rotating cloud of gas and dust. Kant.

66
Q

What are the two main constituents of the Sun?

A

Hydrogen and Helium

67
Q

What is the impact origin of the moon?

A

There was an impact with early earth and a Mars size body. Impact created a large cloud of dust and vapor which condensed and accumulated to form the moon.

68
Q

Where did the heat that transformed earth come from?

A

Impact energy, decay of radioactive isotopes, gravitational energy, and differentiation into layers.

69
Q

How does increase in temperature affect rock?

A

Causes rock to expand in volume and become less dense and more capable of flowing under pressure and in response to gravity.

70
Q

How does increase in pressure affect rock?

A

Causes rock to decrease in volume and become more dense and more rigid.

1st Semester (27 decks)

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