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CLS_hosa > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

absorbance (A)

A

a logarithmic expression of the amount of light absorbed by a substance containing colored molecules; optical density (O.D.)

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2
Q

accessioning

A

the process by which specimens are logged in, labeled, and assigned a specimen identification code

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3
Q

accreditation

A

a voluntary process in which an independent agency grants recognition to institutions or programs that meet or exceed established standards of quality

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4
Q

acidosis

A

a condition in which blood pH falls below 7.35

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5
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

a form of severe immunodeficiency caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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6
Q

activated clotting time (ACT)

A

a test that assesses the effect of heparin on the ability of blood to clot

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7
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

A

the time required for a fibrin clot to form when CaCl2 is added to citrated plasma that has been activated with partial thromboplastin reagent

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8
Q

acute phase proteins

A

proteins that increase rapidly in plasma during acute infection, during inflammation, or following tissue injury

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9
Q

adhesion

A

the act of two parts of surfaces sticking together

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10
Q

aerobic

A

requiring oxygen for growth

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11
Q

aerosol

A

liquid in the form of a very fine mist

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12
Q

agar

A

a seaweed derivative used to solidify microbiological media

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13
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping or aggregation of particulate antigens result from reaction with specific antibody.

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14
Q

agglutination inhibition

A

interference with, or prevention of, agglutination

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15
Q

aggregate

A

the total substances making up a mass; a cluster or slump of particles

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16
Q

aggregation

A

the collecting of separate objects into one mass

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17
Q

agroterrorism

A

acts of terrorism involving threats to agricultural products, including food animals and crops

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18
Q

Airborne Precautions

A

a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) isolation category designed to prevent transmission of infectious diseases, such as measles, that are spread by the airborne route

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19
Q

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

A

an enzyme present in high concentration in the liver and measured to assess liver function; formerly called SGPT

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20
Q

albumin

A

the most abundant protein in normal plasma; a homogeneous group of plasma proteins that are made in the liver and help maintain osmotic balance

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21
Q

albumins

A

the most abundant protein in normal plasma; a homogeneous group of plasma proteins that are made in the liver and help maintain osmotic balance

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22
Q

alimentary tract

A

the digestive tube from the mouth to the anus

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23
Q

alkaline phosphate (ALP or AP)

A

an enzyme widely distributed in the body, especially in the liver and bone

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24
Q

alkalosis

A

a condition in which blood pH rises above 7.45

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25
Q

allele

A

one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation

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26
Q

allergy

A

a condition resulting from an exaggerated immune response; hypersensitivity

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27
Q

alpha cell

A

a type of cell in the islets of Langerhans that makes and secretes glucagon

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28
Q

ameba (pl. amebae)

A

a single-celled eukaryotic organism lacking a definite shape and moving by means of pseudopodia; also spelled amoeba (pl. amoebae)

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29
Q

American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)

A

international association that sets blood bank standards, accredits blood banks, and promotes high standards of performance in the practice of transfusion medicine

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30
Q

American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)

A

professional society and credentialing agency for medical assistants

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31
Q

American Medical Technologists (AMT)

A

professional society and credentialing agency for several categories of medical laboratory personnel

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32
Q

American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS)

A

professional society for clinical/medical laboratory personnel

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33
Q

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

A

professional society for clinical/medical laboratory personnel and allied health personnel

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34
Q

American Society for Phlebotomy Technicians (ASPT)

A

professional society and credentialing agency for phlebotomists, as well as credentialing agency for specialty areas such as point-of-care technician

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35
Q

amorphous

A

without definite shape

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36
Q

amorphous phosphates

A

granular crystals without uniform shape that can form in alkaline urine, give urine sediment a whitish appearance after contrifugation, and appear clear microscopically

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37
Q

amorphous urates

A

granular crystals without uniform shape that can
form in acid urine, can give urine sediment a pink appearance after
centrifugation and appear yellowish microscopically

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38
Q

amperometry

A

the technology that uses electrodes and electrode potential to measure electron generation

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39
Q

anaerobic

A

growing in the absence of oxygen

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40
Q

analyte

A

a chemical substance that is the subject of chemical analysis

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41
Q

anamnestic response

A

rapid increase in blood immunoglobulins following a second exposure to an antigen; also called booster response or secondary response

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42
Q

anemia

A

a condition in which the red blood cell count or hemoglobin level is below normal; a condition resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

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43
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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44
Q

anion gap

A

a mathematical calculation of the difference between the cations and anions measured in the electrolyte assay

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45
Q

anisocytosis

A

marked variation in the sizes of erythrocytes

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46
Q

anopheles

A

he genus of mosquito that is the definitive host for the human malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) and that is capable of transmitting the organism to humans

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47
Q

antibiotic susceptibility testing

A

determining the susceptibility of bacteria to specific antibiotics

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48
Q

antibody (Ab)

A

protein that is induced by, and reacts specifically with, a foreign substance (antigen); immunoglobulin

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49
Q

anticoagulant

A

a chemical or substance that prevents blood coagulation

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50
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

foreign substance that induces an immune response by causing production of antibodies and/or sensitized lymphocytes that react specifically with that substance; immunogen

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51
Q

anti-human globulin test

A

a sensitive test that uses a commercial anti-human globulin reagent to detect human globulin coated on red blood cells; antiglobulin test; Coombs’ test

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52
Q

antiseptic

A

a chemical used on living tissues to control the growth of infectious agents

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53
Q

antiserum

A

serum that contains antibodies

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54
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine production; failure of kidney function and suppression of urine production

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55
Q

aperture

A

an opening

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56
Q

apheresis

A

the process of removing a specific component, such as platelets, from donor blood, and returning the remaining blood components to donor circulation

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57
Q

APIC

A

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, an organization working across a spectrum of professionals, organizations, and institutions to prevent healthcare-associated infections

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58
Q

arteriole

A

a small branch of an artery leading to a capillary

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59
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, causing loss of elasticity and impaired blood circulation

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60
Q

artery

A

a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues

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61
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints, due to several causes

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62
Q

arthropod

A

a member of the phylum Arthropoda, which includes crustaceans, insects, and arachnids

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63
Q

ASCP Board of Certification (ASCP BOC)

A

a separate body within the ASCP organizational structure, formed in 2009 by merging NCA with the ASCP BOR and providing certification for medical laboratory personnel

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64
Q

aseptic technique

A

work practices used to prevent contamination when working with microorganisms

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65
Q

asparate aminotransferase (AST)

A

an enzyme present in many tissues, including cardiac, muscle, and liver, that is measured to assess liver function; formerly called SGOT

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66
Q

artherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis in which lipids, calcium, cholesterol, and other substances deposit on the inner walls of the arteries

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67
Q

atrial

A

of or relating to a body cavity

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68
Q

atypical lymphocyte

A

lymphocyte, usually large, that occurs in response to viral infections and is common in infectious mononucleosis; reactive lymphocyte

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69
Q

autoantibody

A

an antibody directed against self (one’s own tissues)

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70
Q

autoclave

A

an instrument that uses pressurized steam for sterilization

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71
Q

autoimmune disease

A

disease caused when the immune response is directed at one’s own tissues (self-antigens)

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72
Q

average

A

the sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set; the mean

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73
Q

avian influenza

A

an infection of birds with one of the influenza Aviruses; bird flu

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74
Q

azidemethemoglobin

A

a stable compound formed when azide combines with methemoglobin

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75
Q

azurophilic

A

a term used to describe the reddish-purple staining characteristics of certain blood cells; the quality of staining with azure dyes

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76
Q

B lymphocyte (B cell)

A

the type of lymphocyte primarily responsible for the humoral immune response

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77
Q

babesiosis

A

an infection spread by tick bite and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia

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78
Q

bacillus

A

a rod-shaped bacterium

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79
Q

bacteriology

A

the study of bacteria

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80
Q

band cell

A

an immature granulocyte with a nonsegmented nucleus; a “stab cell”

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81
Q

basilic vein

A

large vein on inner side (“pinky” side) of arm

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82
Q

basophil

A

a leukocyte containing basophilic-staining granules in the cytoplasm

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83
Q

basophilia

A

abnormal increase in the number of basophils in the blood; basophilic leukocytosis; also, the affinity of cellular structures for basophilic dyes

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84
Q

basophilic

A

blue in color; having affinity for the basic stain

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85
Q

basophilic stippling

A

remnants of RNA and other basophilic nuclear material remaining inside the red blood cell after the nucleus is lost from the cell; small purple granules in red blood cells stained with Wright’s stain

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86
Q

Beer’s law

A

a mathematical relationship that demonstrates the linear relationship of concentration to absorbance and that forms the basis for spectrophotometric analysis

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87
Q

beta cell

A

a type of cell in the islets of Langerhans that makes and secretes proinsulin and insulin

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88
Q

bibulous paper

A

a special absorbent paper used to dry slides; blotting paper

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89
Q

bilirubin

A

a product formed in the liver from the breakdown of hemoglobin

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90
Q

binocular

A

having two oculars or eyepieces

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91
Q

biohazard

A

risk or hazard to health or the environment from biological agents

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92
Q

biological safety cabinet

A

a special work cabinet that provides protection to the worker while working with infectious microorganisms

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93
Q

biosafety level 4 (BSL-4)

A

a designation requiring the use of a combination of work practices, equipment, and facilities to prevent exposure of individuals or the environment to pathogens that can be transmitted by aerosol and that pose a high risk for life-threatening disease for which treatment or vaccine is not generally available

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94
Q

birefringence

A

he characteristic of double refraction; the characteristic of being able to split a beam of polarized light into two light beams

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95
Q

blast cell

A

an immature blood cell normally found only in the bone marrow

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96
Q

blind sample

A

an assayed sample that is provided as an unknown to laboratories participating in proficiency testing programs

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97
Q

blood bank

A

clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until needed for transfusion; immunohematology department; transfusion services; also the refrigerated unit used for storing blood components

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98
Q

blood group antibody

A

a protein (immunoglobulin) that reacts specifically with a blood group antigen

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99
Q

blood group antigen

A

a substance or structure on the red blood cell membrane that stimulates antibody formation and reacts with that antibody

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100
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

a test measuring urea nitrogen in blood

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101
Q

Bloodeborne Pathogens (BBP)

A

pathogens that can be present in human blood (and blood-contaminated body fluids)

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102
Q

Bloodeborne Pathogens (BBP) Standard

A

OSHA guidelines for preventing occupational exposure to pathogens present in human blood and body fluids, including, but not limited to, HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV); final OSHA standard of December6, 1991, effective March6, 1992

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103
Q

borosilicate glass

A

nonreactive glass with high thermal resistance commonly used to make high-quality labware

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104
Q

botulinum intoxication

A

a condition in which body tissues are affected by the botulinum toxin

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105
Q

botulinum toxin

A

a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum

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106
Q

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

A

a fatal, neurological disease of cattle caused by an unconventional transmissible agent called a prion; commonly called “mad cow disease”

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107
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

the portion of the nephron that receives the glomerular filtrate

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108
Q

bradyzoite

A

a slowly multiplying form of coccidian parasite found within tissue cysts and typical of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii

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109
Q

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

A

a peptide hormone released primarily from the ventricles of the heart and used as a marker for cardiac function

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110
Q

buffer

A

a substance that lessens change in the pH of a solution when acid or base (alkali) is added

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111
Q

buffy coat

A

a light-colored layer of white blood cells and platelets that
forms on top of the red blood cell layer when a sample of blood is centrifuged or allowed to stand undisturbed

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112
Q

calibration

A

the process of checking, standardizing, or adjusting a method or instrument so that it yields accurate results

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113
Q

Candida albicans

A

yeast that causes vaginitis and other infections, especially following antibiotic therapy

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114
Q

capillary

A

a minute blood vessel that connects the smallest arteries to the smallest veins and serves as an oxygen exchange vessel

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115
Q

capillary action

A

the action by which a fluid enters a tube because of the attraction between the fluid and the tube

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116
Q

capillary tube

A

a slender glass or plastic tube used for laboratory procedures

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117
Q

carcinogen

A

a substance with the potential to produce cancer in humans or animals

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118
Q

cardiopulmonary circulation

A

the system of blood vessels that circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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119
Q

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

disease of the heart and blood vessels resulting from a variety of causes

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120
Q

carrier

A

an individual who harbors an organism and is capable of spreading the organism to others, but has no symptoms or signs of disease

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121
Q

cast

A

in urinalysis, a protein matrix formed in the kidney tubules and washed out into the urine

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122
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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123
Q

catalase test

A

a test to differentiate between Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species

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124
Q

caustic

A

a chemical substance having the ability to burn or destroy
tissue

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125
Q

cell-diluting fluid

A

a solution used to dilute blood for cell counts

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126
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

immunity provided by T lymphocytes and cytokines

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127
Q

cellular respiration

A

the series of cellular metabolic processes in which organic substances are oxidized and energy in the form of ATP is released

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128
Q

Celsius (C) scale

A

temperature scale having the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point at 100°C

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129
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A

central laboratory for the national public health system

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130
Q

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

A

the agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) responsible for implementing CLIA ’88

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131
Q

centi

A

prefix used to indicate one-hundredth [10^(-2)] of a unit

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132
Q

centrifuge

A

an instrument with a rotor that rotates at high speeds in a closed chamber

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133
Q

cephalic vein

A

a superficial vein of the arm (thumb side) commonly used for venipuncture

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134
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and bathing the ventricles of the brain

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135
Q

cestode

A

tapeworm; member of the class Cestoda

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136
Q

chemical hygiene plan

A

comprehensive written safety plan detailing the proper use and storage of hazardous chemicals in the workplace

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137
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

species of gram-negative intracellular bacteria that is a cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

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138
Q

chromogen

A

a substance that becomes colored when it undergoes a
chemical change

139
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

A

a syndrome characterized by prolonged fatigue and other nonspecific symptoms, and for which the cause remains unknown

140
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipoproteins made in the small intestine and released into the blood to transport exogenous (dietary) cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the liver and other tissues

141
Q

clean-catch urine

A

a midstream urine sample collected after the urethral opening and surrounding tissues have been cleansed

142
Q

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

A

an international, nonprofit organization that establishes guidelines and standards of best current practice for clinical laboratories; formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)

143
Q

clinical chemistry

A

the laboratory section that uses chemical principles to analyze blood and other body fluids

144
Q

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA ‘88)

A

a federal act that specifies minimum performance standards for clinical laboratories

145
Q

clinical laboratory science

A

the health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses used in diagnosing and treating disease, as well as in maintaining good health; synonymous with medical laboratory science and medical (laboratory) technology

146
Q

Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS)

A

the NCA term for a professional who has a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university, has completed clinical training in an accredited clinical/medical laboratory science program, and has passed a national certifying examination; also called medical laboratory scientist (MLS) or medical technologist (MT)

147
Q

clinical laboratory technician (CLT)

A

the NCA term for a professional who has completed a minimum of 2 years of specific training in an accredited clinical/medical laboratory technician program and has passed a national certifying examination; also called medical laboratory technician (MLT)

148
Q

clue cells

A

vaginal epithelial cells covered with tiny, gram-variable bacteria and seen in vaginal secretions of patients with bacterial vaginosis

149
Q

coagulase test

A

a test to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus species

150
Q

coagulation

A

the process of forming a fibrin clot

151
Q

coagulation factors

A

a group of plasma proteins (and the mineral calcium) involved in blood clotting

152
Q

coarse adjustment

A

control that adjusts position of microscope objectives and is used to initially bring objects into focus

153
Q

coccus

A

a spherical bacterium

154
Q

codocyte

A

target cell

155
Q

codominant

A

in genetics, a gene that is expressed in the heterozygous state, that is, in the presence of a different allelic gene

156
Q

coefficient of variation (CV)

A

a calculated value that compares the relative variability between different sets of data

157
Q

COLA

A

agency that offers accreditation to physician office laboratories, hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities; formerly the Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation

158
Q

coliform

A

referring to certain fermentative gram-negative enteric bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella

159
Q

collagen

A

a protein connective tissue found in skin, bone, ligaments, and cartilage

160
Q

College of American Pathologists (CAP)

A

organization that offers accreditation to clinical laboratories

161
Q

colony

A

a defined mass of bacteria assumed to have grown from a single organism

162
Q

colony count

A

an estimation of the number of organisms in 1 mL of urine made by counting the colonies on a urine culture plate

163
Q

commensal

A

an organism that lives with, on, or in another organism, without injury to either

164
Q

Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)

A

agency that accredits educational programs for allied health personnel; formerly CAHEA

165
Q

communicable

A

able to be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

166
Q

community-acquired infection (CAI)

A

infection acquired through contact with friends, family, and the public or by contact with contaminated environmental surfaces

167
Q

complement

A

a group of plasma proteins that can be activated in immune reactions, can cause cell lysis, and can help initiate the inflammatory response

168
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

a commonly performed grouping of hematological tests

169
Q

condenser

A

apparatus located below the microscope stage that directs light into the objective

170
Q

confocal laser scanning microscope

A

a microscope using a laser as the light source and producing images of very high resolution

171
Q

congenital

A

acquired during fetal development, and present at the time of birth, but not inherited

172
Q

Contact Precautions

A

a CDC isolation category designed to prevent transmission of diseases spread by close or direct contact

173
Q

controls

A

commercially available assayed solutions that are chemically and physically similar to the unknown and are tested in the same manner as the unknown to monitor the precision of a test method

174
Q

coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart; also called coronary artery disease (CAD)

175
Q

cortex

A

the outer layer or portion of an organ

176
Q

Coumadin

A

an anticoagulant derived from coumarin that is administered orally to prevent blood clotting; or to reduce the risk of clots a trade name for warfarin

177
Q

counterstain

A

a dye that adds a contrasting color

178
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

one of the acute phase proteins found in plasma in inflammation

179
Q

creatine kinase (CK)

A

an enzyme present in large amounts in brain tissue and heart and skeletal muscle and a form of which is measured to aid in diagnosing heart attack

180
Q

creatinine

A

a breakdown product of creatine that is normally excreted in the urine

181
Q

crenated cell

A

a shrunken red blood cell with scalloped or toothed margins

182
Q

critical measurements

A

measurements made when the accuracy of the concentration of a solution is important; measurements made using glassware manufactured to strict standards

183
Q

culture

A

growth of microorganisms in a special medium; the process of growing microorganisms in the laboratory

184
Q

culture medium

A

a substance used to provide nutrients for growing microorganisms

185
Q

cyanmethemoglobin

A

a stable colored compound formed when hemoglobin is reacted with Drabkin’s reagent; hemiglobincyanide (HiCN)

186
Q

cyst

A

the dormant stage of an organism surrounded by a resistant covering; the nonmotile, nonfeeding stage of a protozoan; a closed sec-like structure within a tissue

187
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually caused by an infection

188
Q

cytokines

A

any of various nonantibody proteins secreted by cells of the immune system and that help regulate the immune response; lymphokine

189
Q

cytoplasm

A

the fluid portion of the cell surrounding the nucleus

190
Q

D-dimer

A

one of the products formed from the breakdown of cross-linked fibrin by plasmin

191
Q

deci

A

prefix used to indicate one-tenth [10^(-1)] of a unit

192
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

occurrence of a thrombus within a deep vein, usually of the leg or pelvis

193
Q

definitive host

A

the host in which the sexual or adult form of the parasite is found

194
Q

deionized water

A

water that has had most of the mineral ions removed

195
Q

dendritic cells

A

cells in lymphoid tissues that form a network to trap foreign antigens

196
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

the hemoglobin formed when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen to tissues

197
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the nucleic acid that carries genetic information and is found primarily in the nucleus of all living cells

198
Q

Department of Health of Human Services (DHHS)

A

the governmental agency that oversees public healthcare matters; also called HHS

199
Q

Department of Homeland Security

A

a federal agency whose primary mission is to prevent, protect against, and respond to acts of terrorism on U.S. soil

200
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by a state of hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency

201
Q

dialysate

A

in kidney dialysis, a solution used to draw waste products and excess fluid from the body

202
Q

differential count

A

a determination of the relative numbers of each type of white blood cell when a specified number (usually 100) is counted; leukocyte differential count; white blood cell differential count

203
Q

differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

A

a microscope equipped with special Normarski optics that enhance contrast in unstained, transparent specimens, producing a three-dimensional image

204
Q

diluent

A

a liquid added to a solution to make it less concentrated

205
Q

dilution

A

a solution made less concentrated by adding a diluent; the act of making a dilute solution; the degree to which a solution is made less concentrated

206
Q

dilution factor

A

reciprocal of the dilution

207
Q

disinfectant

A

a chemical used on inanimate objects to kill or inactivate microbes

208
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

a hemostasis emergency characterized by widespread circulatory thrombotic events coexisting with fibrinolytic events

209
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

the portion of a renal tubule that empties into the collecting tubule

210
Q

distilled water

A

the condensate collected from steam after water has been boiled

211
Q

diurnal

A

having a daily cycle

212
Q

Drabkin’s reagent

A

a hemoglobin diluting reagent that contains iron, potassium, cyanide, and sodium bicarbonate

213
Q

drepanocyte

A

sickle cell

214
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

a CDC isolation category designed to prevent transmission of diseases spread through the air over short distances

215
Q

Ebola virus

A

a highly infectious filovirus that causes a hemorrhagic fever

216
Q

ectoparasite

A

a parasite that lives on the outer surface of a host

217
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

development of fetus outside the uterus; extrauterine pregnancy

218
Q
A
219
Q

EDTA

A

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology

220
Q

electrolyte solution

A

a solution that contains ions and conducts an electrical current

221
Q

electrolytes

A

the cations and anions important in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance

222
Q

electron microscope

A

a microscope using an electron beam to create images from a specimen and that is capable of much greater magnification and resolving power than a light microscope

223
Q

electronic health record (EHR)

A

comprehensive, portable electronic patient health record

224
Q

electronic medical record (EMR)

A

a digital form of a patient chart created in a physician’s office or a hospital where a patient received treatment

225
Q

elliptocyte

A

elongated, cigar-shaped red blood cell

226
Q

embolus (pl. emboli)

A

a mass (clot) of blood or foreign matter carried in the circulation

227
Q

endemic

A

recurring in a specific location or population

228
Q

endogenous

A

produced within; growing from within

229
Q

endoparasite

A

a parasite that lives within the host

230
Q

endothelium

A

the layer of epithelial cells that lines blood vessels and the serous cavities of the body

231
Q

engineering control

A

use of available technology and equipment to protect the worker from hazards

232
Q

English system of measurement

A

system of measurement in common use in the United States for nonscientific measurements; sometimes called U.S. customary system

233
Q

enriched medium

A

a medium that contains nutrients to support a wide variety of organisms, including fastidious organisms

234
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that causes or accelerates changes in other substances without being changed itself

235
Q

enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

A

an assay that uses an enzyme-labeled antibody as a reactant

236
Q

eosin

A

a red-orange stain or dye

237
Q

eosinophil

A

a leukocyte containing eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm

238
Q

eosinophilia

A

abnormal increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood

239
Q

epidemic

A

disease affecting many persons at the same time, spread from person to person, and occurring in an area where the disease is not prevalent

240
Q

epidemiology

A

he study of the factors that cause disease and determine disease frequency and distribution

241
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

242
Q

epitope

A

the portion of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody; antigenic determinant

243
Q

epizootic

A

an outbreak of disease in an animal population

244
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

a virus that infects lymphocytes and is the cause of infectious mononucleosis

245
Q

erythrocytosis

A

an excess of red blood cells in the peripheral blood;
sometimes called polycythemia

246
Q

erythropoiesis

A

the production of red blood cells

247
Q

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

a bacterium that is part of the normal flora of the intestines

248
Q

ethics

A

a system of conduct or behavior; rules of professional conduct

249
Q

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

A

an anticoagulant commonly used in hematologyy

250
Q

exogenous

A

originating from the outside

251
Q

exposure control plan

A

a plan identifying employees at risk for exposure to bloodborne pathogens and providing training in methods to prevent exposure

252
Q

exposure incident

A

an accident, such as a needlestick, in which an individual is exposed to possible infection through contact with body substances from another individual

253
Q

Fahrenheit (F) scale

A

temperature scale having a freezing point of water at 32° F and boiling point at 212° F

254
Q

fastidious bacteria

A

bacteria that require special nutritional factors to survive

255
Q

FDPs

A

fibrinogen or fibrin monomer degradation products formed when plasmin cleaves fibrinogen or fibrin monomers into protein fragments; formerly called fibrin split products

256
Q

femto

A

prefix used to indicate 10^(-15)

257
Q

femtoliters (fL)

A

10^(-15) liter

258
Q

feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH)

A

the occurrence of fetal blood cells entering into the maternal circulation before or during delivery

259
Q

fibrin

A

a protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin

260
Q

fibrinogen

A

a plasma protein produced in the liver and converted to fibrin through the action of thrombin

261
Q

fibrinolysis

A

enzymatic breakdown of a blood clot

262
Q

field diaphragm

A

adjustable aperture attached to microscope base

263
Q

fine adjustment

A

control that adjusts position of microscope objectives and is used to sharpen focus

264
Q

fission

A

reproductive process in which the parent cell divides into two identical independent cells

265
Q

fixative

A

preservative; a chemical that prevents deterioration of cells or tissues

266
Q

flagellum (pl., flagella)

A

slender, lash-like appendage that serves as organ of locomotion for sperm cells and some protozoa

267
Q

flint glass

A

inexpensive glass with low resistance to heat and
chemicals

268
Q

fluor

A

a substance that absorbs short-wavelength (exciting) light and emits longer wavelength (emitting) light

269
Q

fluorescent

A

having the property of emitting light of one wavelength when exposed to light of another wavelength

270
Q

folic acid

A

a member of the B vitamin complex

271
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects, such as bed rails, linens, or eating utensils, which can be contaminated with infectious organisms and serve as a means of their transmission

272
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

the division of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety and efficacy of foods, drugs, biological products, medical devices, and cosmetics

273
Q

formalin

A

a 37% solution of formaldehyde used for fixing and preserving biological specimens

274
Q

formula weight (F.W.)

A

weight of the entity represented by a chemical formula; molecular weight

275
Q

forward grouping

A

the use of known antisera (antibodies) to detect unknown antigens on a patient’s cells; forward typing; direct grouping

276
Q

fossae

A

in the throat, shallow depressions where the tonsils were located before surgical removal

277
Q

fume hood

A

a device that draws contaminated air out of an area and either cleanses and recirculates it or discharges it to the outside

278
Q

galactosuria

A

the presence of galactose in the urine; the condition in which galactose is excreted into the urine

279
Q

gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

A

an enzyme present in liver, kidney, pancreas, and prostate, and measured to assess liver function

280
Q

gauge

A

a measure of the internal diameter (or bore) of a needle

281
Q

Gaussian curve

A

a graph plotting the distribution of values around the mean; normal frequency curve

282
Q

Giemsa stain

A

a polychromatic stain used for staining blood cells and blood parasites

283
Q

globin

A

the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule

284
Q

globulins

A

a heterogeneous group of serum proteins with varied functions

285
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

the fluid that passes from the blood into the nephron and from which urine is formed

286
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

an estimation of how much blood passes through the glomeruli per unit of time (minute); an estimate of the number of functioning nephrons made by using the rate at which molecules such as creatinine and urea are filtered by the kidneys

287
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli

288
Q

glomerulus (pl. glomeruli)

A

a small bundle of capillaries that is the filtering portion of the nephron

289
Q

glucagon

A

the pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose concentration by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose

290
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

291
Q

glucose dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme that converts glucose to gluconolactone and that is used in glucose analytical methods

292
Q

glucose oxidase

A

an enzyme that converts glucose to gluconic acid
and that is used in glucose analytical methods

293
Q

glycated hemoglibin (GHb)

A

see hemoglobin A1c

294
Q

glycogen

A

the storage form of glucose found in high concentration in the liver

295
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen

296
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the conversion of glycogen to glucose

297
Q

glycolysis

A

energy production as a result of the metabolic breakdown of glucose; the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid accompanied by the release of energy in the form of ATP

298
Q

glycoprotein

A

a protein molecule having a carbohydrate component

299
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine; glucosuria

300
Q

gonorrhea

A

contagious infection spread by sexual contact and caused
by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

301
Q

gout

A

a painful condition in which blood uric acid is elevated and urates precipitate in joints

302
Q

gram equivalent weight

A

the number obtained by dividing the formula weight by the valence

303
Q

gram negative

A

designation for bacteria that lose the crystal violet (purple) stain and retain the safranin (red) stain in the Gram stain procedure

304
Q

gram positive

A

designation for bacteria that retain the crystal violet(purple) stain in the Gram stain procedure

305
Q

gram stain

A

a differential stain used to classify bacteria

306
Q

granulocyte

A

a white blood cell containing granules in the cytoplasm; any of the neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic leukocytes

307
Q

granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

A

rare and usually fatal brain infection caused by Acanthamoeba species and usually occurring only in immunocompromised individuals

308
Q

guaiac

A

a chemical derived from the resin of a tree of the genus Guaiacum

309
Q

hand antisepsis

A

decontamination of hands using antiseptic soap or waterless antiseptic handrub

310
Q

HDL cholesterol

A

high-density lipoprotein fraction of blood cholesterol; good cholesterol

311
Q

Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA)

A

see Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

312
Q

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

A

1996 act of Congress, a part of which guarantees protection of privacy of an individual’s health information

313
Q

healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

A

infection acquired while being treated for another condition in a healthcare setting; synonym for healthcare-acquired infection; formerly called nosocomial infection

314
Q

helminth

A

a worm, especially a parasitic worm; in parasitology, the group comprising the roundworms and flatworms

315
Q

hemacytometer

A

a heavy glass slide made to precise specifications and used to count cells microscopically; a counting chamber

316
Q

hemacytometer coverglass

A

a special coverglass of uniform thickness used with a hemacytometer

317
Q

hemagglutination

A

the agglutination of red blood cells

318
Q

hematocrit

A

the volume of red blood cells packed by centrifugation in a given volume of blood and expressed as a percentage; packed cell volume (PCV)

319
Q

hematology

A

the study of blood and the blood-forming tissues

320
Q

hematoma

A

the swelling of tissue around a vessel resulting from leakage of blood into the tissue

321
Q

hematuria

A

the presence of blood in the urine

322
Q

heme

A

the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule

323
Q

hemiglobincyanide (HiCN

A

cyanmethemoglobin

324
Q

hemoconcentration

A

increase in the concentration of cellular elements in the blood

325
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

A

the major functional component of red blood cells that is the oxygen-carrying molecule

326
Q

hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

A

hemoglobin modified by the binding of glucose to the beta globin chains of hemoglobin; also called glycated or glycosylated hemoglobin

327
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

the presence of hemoglobin in the urine

328
Q

hemolysis

A

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells resulting in the release of hemoglobin

329
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

a condition in which maternal antibody targets fetal red blood cells for destruction

330
Q

hemophilia

A

a bleeding disorder resulting from a hereditary coagulation factor deficiency or dysfunction

331
Q

hemopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell formation and development; hematopoiesis

332
Q

hemopoietic stem cell

A

an undifferentiated bone marrow cell that gives rise to blood cells

333
Q

hemorrhage

A

uncontrolled bleeding

334
Q

hemostasis

A

the process of stopping bleeding, which includes clot formation and clot dissolution

335
Q

HEPA filter

A

high-efficiency particulate air filter used in biological safety cabinets

336
Q

heparin

A

an anticoagulant used therapeutically to prevent thrombosis; also used as an anticoagulant in certain laboratory procedures

337
Q

hepatitis B virus (HBV)

A

the virus that causes hepatitis B infection and is transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids

338
Q

hepatitis C virus (HCV)

A

the virus that causes hepatitis C infection and is transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids

339
Q

hepatosplenomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver and spleen

340
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

a group of multispecific antibodies that are increased in infectious mononucleosis and that react with heterogeneous antigens not responsible for their production

341
Q

hexokinase

A

an enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and that is used in glucose analytical methods

342
Q

HIPAA

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

343
Q
A

CLS_hosa (10 decks)

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