Viti-Viti-Viticulture and Vinification Flashcards
What is a teinturier?
Red grape with red juice due to anthrocyanin pigments accumulating within the grape
What is Bacterial Blight?
caused by xanthomonas ampelina bacteria, kills young vine shoots
spread by rain and unclean pruning tools
controlled by hot water treatment, copper sprays (BDX mix)
what is Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP)?
a trellising system that can be used for cane or spur pruned vines
What is Esca?
"Black Measles" early discovered disease thrives in warm climate, no cure affects young vine development, rarely live past 30 mature vines oak becomes soft and spongy spread by rainfall, wine, pruning shears
What is Black Rot?
Native to North America
Came to Europe on Phylloxera resistant rootstocks
caused by Guignardia Bidwell fungus
manifests as black spots on vine shoots, leaves, and berries
controlled with fungicides
What is Délestage?
chapeau management process
wine is racked into separate vessel, chapeau remains, then wine is pumped back on top of chapeau
How are Degree Days calculated?
multiplying days in each month of growing season (April 1-Oct 31) by mean # of degree days over 50 F for that month. Each month’s totals are added to achieve the “heat summation”
What are the following cooperage terms?
- Warming
- Shaping
- Toasting
Chauffage
Cintage
Bousinage
List several examples of Méthode Ancestrale wines
Bugey Cerdon
Clairette de Die Méthode Dioise Ancestrale
Gaillac Mousseaux Méthode Gaillaçoise
Name the associated VdL for each region:
- Champagne
- Cognac
- Armagnac
- Jura
Ratafia
Pineau de Charantes
Floc de Gascogne
MacVin du Jura
What is Débourbage?
time period of allowing wine to settle after pressing so that it may be racked off it’s solids and clarified prior to fermentation, common in whites
What is the min. amount of sunshine req’d to support viticulture?
1,300 hrs
What is the difference between spur and cane pruning?
spur=upper cane is removed, lower cane cut back to 2 buds, creating a new spur. Head or Cordon trained vines
Cane=min. maintained on each vine is 1 spur + 1 cane. Head trained vines only
What is Geneva System? Lyre system?
Close variants
spur-pruned/cordon-trained
cordon extends outward in flat U shape
What is the Cordon de Royat?
similar to Guyot
spur-pruned permanent cordon extends horizontally from trunk
preferred for PN in Champagne
What is Gobelet system?
Ancient vine-training system
vines (usually unsupported) resembles a goblet
Common in S. Rhône and S. Italy
Italy=”aburello,” Spain=”en vaso,” Australia=”bush vines”
What 2 genetic factors most influence the character and health of a vine?
rootstock selection (resistance to many diseases, drought, salt/lime tolerance, vine vigor) Clonal selection
What affect does fermentation vessel size have on fermentation length and temp?
small vessel=cool, long fermentation
large=short, hot fermentation
*not accounting for temp. control
What sulfides may be produced under reductive winemaking conditions?
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mercaptans and more
*Can be pretty f’in rank
Ethyl acetate manifests as what in wine?
Volatile Acidity
What is Flavesence Dorée?
Phytoplasma disease
form of vine yellows, first discovered in Armagnac in 1949
spread by leafhoppers and propagation of infected vines
delays budbreak and slows shoot growth, shrivelled berries, bunches fall from vines, discolored leaves, pustules and cracks will form, will kill young vines
No cure exists, pesticides can slow spread
What is crown gall?
Bacterial vine disease
“Black Knot” (Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria)
vine develops tumors (“galls”) on trunk, strangling the vine
thrives in cooler climate
spread through propagation of infected budwood
Which acids may e used for acidification process?
tartaric (preferred)
malic acids
is dealcoholization by physical separation legal in EU?
Legalized in 2009, adjustment of no more than 2%
Barrel fermented wines often undergo what process?
Battonage
What is reverse osmosis?
technology of alcohol adjustment
separates wine into 2 parts (permeate and retentrate)
permeate (water and ethanol) distilled to desired level, recombined w/ retentrate (aromatic compounds)
what are the 3 most important factors that affect overall quality of the grape?
climate
soil
slope
describe:
vin de goutte
vin de presse
vin de goutte=high quality free run juice drawn directly from the must
vin de presse=remainder of the must pressed into more tannic wine than vin de goutte
name common fining agents
egg whites
bentonite (clay)
casein (milk protein)
isinglass (sturgeon bladder)
what is the French term for “fining?”
collage
what is soutirage?
racking=movement of wine from 1 vessel to another, creating aeration and clarification as wine is removed from lees
what is: Budbreak Flowering Fruit Set Veraison
Budbreak=when vines emerge from dormancy (ave air temp=50F). March in Northern Hemi, Sept. in Southern Hemi. Vines still vulnerable to frost
Flowering=occurs when embryo bunches form on shoots mid-April. Flowers form in 6-12 weeks, bloom in approx. 10 days
Fruit Set=when the vines self-pollinate and flowers are pollinated into berries, susceptible to cold, frost, and wind
Veraison=when sugars move from vines to grapes. Approx in Aug.
What is the Guyot System?
head-trained vine system that requires a vertical trellis, one spur, and one main 2-yr old cane. Also Guyot Double variant. Developed in 1860 by Jules Guyot