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Foundations > vitamins_cofactors > Flashcards

vitamins_cofactors Flashcards

1
Q

add cofactor to enzyme makes it this

A

holoenzyme

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2
Q

inactive enzyme

A

apoenzyme

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3
Q

vitamin deficiency due to 2 causes

A

dietary deficiency or a defect in cofactor biosynthesis enzyme

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4
Q

cofactors that are bound tightly to active site often covalently

A

prosthetic groups

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5
Q

cofactor in alchohol that is shuffled around

A

NAD+ –> NADH

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6
Q

ratio of NAD/NADH indicates this

A

energy balance

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7
Q

categories of enzymes

A

oxiodoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, ligase

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8
Q

example of oxidoreductase enzyme

A

oxygenase dehydrogenase

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9
Q

example of tranferaser

A

kinase, acyltransferase, acetylytransferase

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10
Q

example of hydrolase enzyme

A

protease, peptidase

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11
Q

example of lyase enzyme

A

aldolase, dehydrase, decarboxlase, thiolasae

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12
Q

example of isomerase

A

mutase

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13
Q

example of ligase

A

carboxylase, synthetase

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14
Q

fx of transferse

A

transfers a functional group like methyl or phosphate

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15
Q

fx of hydrolase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a bond (addition of water)

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16
Q

fx of lyase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of a bond, often form ring or double bond

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17
Q

fx of isomerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the structural rearrangement of isomers

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19
Q

fx of ligase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two large molecules

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20
Q

lose electrons

A

oxidized

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21
Q

important redox reactions

A

fuel oxidation, detoxification, biosyntheses

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22
Q

gains electrons

A

reduced

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23
Q

enzyme which oxidizes pyruvate and reduces lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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24
Q

nerst eq

A

delta G = -n F delta E

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25
Q

redox potential

A

willing to accept electrons

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26
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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27
Q

cofactor for Cytochrome P450

A

NADPH

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28
Q

rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

A

HMG-CoA

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29
Q

Precursor of NADH and NADPH

A

niacin

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30
Q

deficiency of niacin causes this disease

A

pellegra

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31
Q

nicacin is found in these foods

A

meat, whole grains, fortified cereals

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32
Q

sx of pellegra

A

dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Also glossitis - bright red smooth tongue

33
Q

risk group for pellegria

A

diet of corn, alchoholics

34
Q

niacin is synthesized from this amino acid

A

tryptophan

35
Q

precurser to flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

riboflavin

36
Q

FAD remains tightly bond to the complex. This is called a

A

prosthetic group

37
Q

riboflavin is found in these foods

A

milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes and mushrooms

38
Q

sx of riboflavin deficiency

A

cheilosis - sores corner of mouth, glossitis, anemia

39
Q

riboflavin required for

A

FADH- and FADH2

40
Q

test to dx riboflavin defiency

A

erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay

41
Q

Test for ribolflavin deficiency shows inadequate amount of

A

FAD

42
Q

FAD dependent enzyme

A

Gluthathione

43
Q

proper name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

44
Q

deficiency of ascorbic acid

A

scurvy, slow wound healing, anemia, apathy

45
Q

functioning ascorbic acid

A

anti-oxidant, cofactor for collagen synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis

46
Q

oral ascorbate bolus- normal test result

A

oral dose excreted in urine, if not inadequate vit. C

47
Q

source of acorbic acid

A

citrus and vegtables

48
Q

ascorbate activity enhances this activity

A

HIF - transcription factor

49
Q

kinase transfers?

A

phosphate group to and from ATP

50
Q

Acetyltransferase transfers?

A

acetyl group to amino side chains on proteins

51
Q

two forms of iron in body

A

heme or quantum wire inside enzyme

52
Q

These decide whether carbon goes into mitochondria or is used as lactate

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

53
Q

Aminotransferaser transfer?

A

amine groups on amino acids

54
Q

Decarboxylation reactions use this

A

TPP

55
Q

Cofactor for Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

Thiamine PP, lipoate, CoASH

56
Q

Thiamine source

A

meat and beans

57
Q

TPP atacks this bond in Pyruvate

A

keto group

58
Q

thiamine enters pores througth this carrier

A

SLC19A

59
Q

causes of thiamine deficiency

A

malnutrition, alchoholism, monotonous diet

60
Q

sx of thiamine def.

A

Beriberi (I can’t), wernichr enceph, anemia, deafness, diabetes

61
Q

binds to lysine and transfers carbon chains

A

lipoate

62
Q

Vitamin B5

A

pantothenic acid

63
Q

often a high energy bond

A

sulfur atom

64
Q

cofactor for carboxylase enzymes

A

biotin

65
Q

cofactor for enzymes that metabolize amino acids

A

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

66
Q

eating lots of uncooked eggs can cause this

A

biotin deficiency - avidin binds to biotin

67
Q

dietary precursors of PLP

A

fortified cereals, meat, bananasa, rice

68
Q

sx of biotin deficiency

A

dermatitis, lethargy, conjuctiviits, alopecia

69
Q

PLP is a cofactor in this pathway

A

trytophan to niacin

70
Q

common name for pyridoxal phosphate

A

Vitamin B6

71
Q

How to correct for pyridoxine oxidase deficeieny

A

add pyridosal phosphate

72
Q

sx of puridoxal phosphate deficiency

A

seizures, diarrhea anemia - aduluts peripheral neuropathy

73
Q

common name for cobalamin

A

vitamin B12

74
Q

How does antiquin deficiceny effect pyridoxal phosphate

A

byproducts take up all the PLP

75
Q

methylcoblim is cofactor for this enzyme

A

methionine synthase

76
Q

cobalamin sources

A

meat, milk, and animal derived foods

77
Q

sx of cobalamin deficeicny

A

macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue, FTT, seizures

78
Q

fx of oxidoreductase

A

transfer electrons

Foundations (10 decks)

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