vitamins_cofactors Flashcards by Mindi Kvaal Anderson

add cofactor to enzyme makes it this

holoenzyme

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inactive enzyme

apoenzyme

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vitamin deficiency due to 2 causes

dietary deficiency or a defect in cofactor biosynthesis enzyme

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cofactors that are bound tightly to active site often covalently

prosthetic groups

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cofactor in alchohol that is shuffled around

NAD+ –> NADH

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ratio of NAD/NADH indicates this

energy balance

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categories of enzymes

oxiodoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, ligase

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example of oxidoreductase enzyme

oxygenase dehydrogenase

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example of tranferaser

kinase, acyltransferase, acetylytransferase

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example of hydrolase enzyme

protease, peptidase

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example of lyase enzyme

aldolase, dehydrase, decarboxlase, thiolasae

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example of isomerase

mutase

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example of ligase

carboxylase, synthetase

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fx of transferse

transfers a functional group like methyl or phosphate

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fx of hydrolase

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a bond (addition of water)

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fx of lyase

enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of a bond, often form ring or double bond

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fx of isomerase

enzyme that catalyzes the structural rearrangement of isomers

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fx of ligase

enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two large molecules

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lose electrons

oxidized

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important redox reactions

fuel oxidation, detoxification, biosyntheses

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gains electrons

reduced

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enzyme which oxidizes pyruvate and reduces lactate

lactate dehydrogenase

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nerst eq

delta G = -n F delta E

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redox potential

willing to accept electrons

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NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

cofactor for Cytochrome P450

NADPH

rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

HMG-CoA

Precursor of NADH and NADPH

niacin

deficiency of niacin causes this disease

pellegra

nicacin is found in these foods

meat, whole grains, fortified cereals

sx of pellegra

dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Also glossitis - bright red smooth tongue

risk group for pellegria

diet of corn, alchoholics

niacin is synthesized from this amino acid

tryptophan

precurser to flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide

riboflavin

FAD remains tightly bond to the complex. This is called a

prosthetic group

riboflavin is found in these foods

milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes and mushrooms

sx of riboflavin deficiency

cheilosis - sores corner of mouth, glossitis, anemia

riboflavin required for

FADH- and FADH2

test to dx riboflavin defiency

erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay

Test for ribolflavin deficiency shows inadequate amount of

FAD

FAD dependent enzyme

Gluthathione

proper name for vitamin C

ascorbic acid

deficiency of ascorbic acid

scurvy, slow wound healing, anemia, apathy

functioning ascorbic acid

anti-oxidant, cofactor for collagen synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis

oral ascorbate bolus- normal test result

oral dose excreted in urine, if not inadequate vit. C

source of acorbic acid

citrus and vegtables

ascorbate activity enhances this activity

HIF - transcription factor

kinase transfers?

phosphate group to and from ATP

Acetyltransferase transfers?

acetyl group to amino side chains on proteins

two forms of iron in body

heme or quantum wire inside enzyme

These decide whether carbon goes into mitochondria or is used as lactate

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Aminotransferaser transfer?

amine groups on amino acids

Decarboxylation reactions use this

TPP

Cofactor for Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Thiamine PP, lipoate, CoASH

Thiamine source

meat and beans

TPP atacks this bond in Pyruvate

keto group

thiamine enters pores througth this carrier

SLC19A

causes of thiamine deficiency

malnutrition, alchoholism, monotonous diet

sx of thiamine def.

Beriberi (I can't), wernichr enceph, anemia, deafness, diabetes

binds to lysine and transfers carbon chains

lipoate

Vitamin B5

pantothenic acid

often a high energy bond

sulfur atom

cofactor for carboxylase enzymes

biotin

cofactor for enzymes that metabolize amino acids

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

eating lots of uncooked eggs can cause this

biotin deficiency - avidin binds to biotin

dietary precursors of PLP

fortified cereals, meat, bananasa, rice

sx of biotin deficiency

dermatitis, lethargy, conjuctiviits, alopecia

PLP is a cofactor in this pathway

trytophan to niacin

common name for pyridoxal phosphate

Vitamin B6

How to correct for pyridoxine oxidase deficeieny

add pyridosal phosphate

sx of puridoxal phosphate deficiency

seizures, diarrhea anemia - aduluts peripheral neuropathy

common name for cobalamin

vitamin B12

How does antiquin deficiceny effect pyridoxal phosphate

byproducts take up all the PLP

methylcoblim is cofactor for this enzyme

methionine synthase

cobalamin sources

meat, milk, and animal derived foods

sx of cobalamin deficeicny

macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue, FTT, seizures

fx of oxidoreductase

transfer electrons