Vitamins B, C Flashcards
how are vitamins different from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
- structure: vitamins are individual proteins
- function: vitamins do not yield energy
the rate or extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
bioavailability
factors that affect a vitamin’s bioavailability
- efficiency of digestion and time in the GI tract
- previous nutrient intake and nutrition status
- method of food preparation
- source of nutrients
- other foods consumed at the same time
precursors
- inactive form of vitamins: pro-vitamins
- activates once inside the body
two types of vitamins
- Water soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
- Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A,D,E, and K
Describe water soluble vitamins
- absorption
- transport
- storage
- excretion
- toxicity
- requirement
- Directly in the blood
- travel freely
- circulate the body
- excreted through the kidneys
- possible toxicity when consumed through supplements
- frequent (1 to 3 days)
Describe Fat soluble vitamins
- absorption
- transport
- storage
- excretion
- toxicity
- requirement
- absorbed through the lymph first and then the blood
- many require transport proteins
- they are stored in cells associated in with fat (adipose tissue)
- less readily excreted. usually stored in fat tissue
- possibly toxic when consumed through supplements
- need periodically since it is stored in the body
What is the main role of B vitamins?
Help the body use fuel from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Vitamin part of the coenzym TPP (coenzyme that participates in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
Thiamin
Thiamin deficiency can cause?
-Beriberi (dry and wet) -enlarged heart -cardiac failure -muscle weakness -short term memory -confusion -anorexia -weight loss
Dry beriberi symptoms
damage to the nervous system
muscle weakness in arms and legs
wet beriberi symptoms
damage to the cardiovascular system
dilated blood vessels causing heart to work harder
kidneys retain salt causing edema
sources for thiamin
- whole-grain
- fortified or enriched grain products
- lean pork chop
- soy milk
- squash and acorn
with a coenzyme form of FAD and FMN (Picks up electrons in TCA cycle and delivers it to electron Transport chain
Riboflavin
Riboflavin deficiency can cause?
- inflammation of the mouth,skin, eyes, and GI tract
- sore throat
- cracks and redness of corneas of the mouth
- purplish red tongue
- skin lesions
Food sources for Riboflavin
- Milk product (yogurt and cheese)
- whole grain
- fortified or enriched grain products\
- liver
- mushroom
- broccoli
a coenzyme for of NAD and NADP which can carry hydrogen and its electron in TCA cycle
Niacin
Deficiency disorders of Niacin
-Pellagra (4 D's) -Diarrhea -dementia -dermatitis -death depression inflamed tongue rash
Toxicity of niacin
Niacin flush
nausea
vomiting
impaired glucose tolerance
Niacin food sources
- meat
- eggs
- poultry
- fish
- milk
- wholegrain, fortified or enriched grain products
- nuts
Delivers carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate which replenishes the oxaloacetate that would keep TCA cycle going
Biotin
Biotin deficiency
- skin rash
- hair loss
- neurological impairment
- depression
- lethargy
- hallucination
- tingling
biotin food source
- synthesized by gi tract bacteria
- widespread in food
- egg yolk
- liver
- soy beans
- fish
- whole grain, fortified or enriched grain products
part of coenzyme A (CoA)
Pantothenic acid
pantothenic acid deficiency
- failure of all body’s systems
- fatigue
- distress
- neurological disturbance
- irritability
- restlessness
- apathy
- insulin sensitivity
- inability to walk
- muscle and stomach cramps
food sources of pantothenic acid
- widespread in foods
- chicken
- beef
- potatoes
- oats
- tomatoes
- broccoli
- liver
- egg yolk
- whole grains
can be converted to coenzyme PLP
valuable in protein and urea metabolism
participates in synthesis of heme, nucleic acids, and lecithin
Vitamin B6
vitamin B6 deficiency
- neurotransmitter deminishes
- depression
- confusion
- abnormal brain wave patterns and convulsions
- anemia
- dermatitis
Vitamin B6 toxicity
- neurological damage
- depression
- fatigue
- irritability
- nerve damage
- skin lesions
Food sources for vitamin b6
- meat
- fish
- poultry
- potatoes
- legumes
- noncitrus fruits
- cereal
- liver
- soy products
- converts vitamin B12 to its coenzyme form
- synthesizes the DNA required for rapidly growing cells
- regenerates the amino acid methionine from homocysteine
- help protect against neural tube defects and heart disease
Folate
Folate deficiency
- anemia
- smooth red tongue
- confusion
- weakness
- fatigue
- irritability
- shortness of breath
- high homocysteine
toxicity of folate
can mask vitamin b12 deficiency
food sources of folate
fortified grains leafy green vegetable legumes seeds liver
Activates folate
regeneration of methionine and synthesis of DNA and RNA
maintains the sheath the protects the nerve fibers
bone cell activity and metabolism
vitamine B12
B12 deficeincy can be caused by
inadequate absorption due to lack of hydrochloric acid or lack of intrinsic factor (atrophic gastritis)
B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
- anemia
- fatigue
- degeneration of peripheral nervous system causing paralysis
- constipation
sources of B12
-Animal food
-meat
-fish
-poultry
-shellfish
-milk
eggs
-cereal
what can cause B6 deficiency
alcohol and isoniazid
used to make acetylcholine and lecithin
in fetal development, supports structure and function of brain and spinal cord
cholin
deficiency of cholin
liver damage
toxicity of choline
body odor sweating salivation reduced growth rate low blood pressure liver damage
food sources for choline
milk
liver
eggs
peanuts
protects tissue against freeradicals as antioxidants
helps form collagen as a cofactor
treatment and prevention of the common cold
Vitamin C
Vitamin C deficiency
bleeding gums pinpoint hemorrhages scurvy muscle degeneration scaly and dry skin wound fail to scar and heal properly bones become soft and malformed
Vitamin C toxicity
nausea diarrhea fatigue insomnia rashes interference with medical tests kidney stones
Food sources for vitamin C
- citrus fruits
- cabbage type vegetable like cauliflower
- dark green vegetables like spinach and broccoli
- lettuce
- tomatoes
- mangoes
- potatoes
