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Nurs-215 > Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols > Flashcards

Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid family includes…

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols

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2
Q

Lipids composed of three fatty acids attached to glycerol

A

Triglyceride

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3
Q

Explain the structure of a Fatty acid

A

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group and a methyl group on each end

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4
Q

acid group in fatty acids

A

COOH

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5
Q

how many carbons are in the chains of the most occurring fatty acids

A

even number of carbons of up to 24 carbons in length

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6
Q

simplest 18-carbon fatty acid

A

Stearic acid

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7
Q
  • long chain fatty acids
  • medium chain fatty acids
  • short-chain fatty acids
A
  • 12 to 24 carbons
  • 6 to 10 carbons
  • less than 6 carbons
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8
Q

fatty acids that has all its hydrogen atoms and only has single bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

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9
Q

a double bond in a chain of carbon in fatty acids

A

point of unsaturation

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10
Q

fatty acids that are missing hydrogen and has double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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11
Q

example of a monounsaturated fatty acid and where to find it

A

Oleic acid

- olive oil and canola oil

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12
Q

two examples of poly unsaturated and where to find them

A

linoleic acid
- sunflower, safflower, corn, and soybean oils, walnut oil
linolenic acid
- soy bean and canola oils, flax seeds, and walnuts, fish oil

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13
Q

what creates triglycerides

A

condensation reaction

takes a hydrogen from the glycerol and an OH from the acid end of the fatty acid creating H2O

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14
Q

what affects the firmness of fats

A
  • degree of unsaturation: unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. The more saturated or the less double bonds - the more solid.
  • the length of carbon chain: the shorter the length of the carbon chain, the softer at room temperature
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15
Q

what, when exposed to, causes fatty acids to rot?

A

oxygen

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16
Q

what is the most susceptible type of fatty acid to oxygenation? what is the least?

A
  • polyunsaturated is the most susceptible

- saturated is the least

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17
Q

where can you find saturated fats?

A
  • coconut oil
  • butter
  • palm oil
  • pork fat
  • chicken fat
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18
Q

where can you find monounsaturated fats?

A
  • olive oil
  • peanut oil
  • canola oil
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19
Q

where can you find Omega 6 (Linoleic acid)?

A
  • safflower
  • sunflower
  • cornoil
  • soybean oil
  • walnut oil
  • cotton seed oil
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20
Q

where can you find omega 3 (Linolenic acid)?

A
  • Flaxseed oil
  • fish oil
  • canola oil
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21
Q

`How can manufacturers protect fat from oxygenation?

A
  • sealing in airtight, non-metallic container
  • add antioxidants to compete for oxygen
  • Hydrogenation: saturating points of unsaturation
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22
Q
  • What is it called when the hydrogen beside a double bound is on the same side?
  • what is it called when the hydrogen atoms beside the double bond are on opposite sides?
A
  • Cis-

- Trans-

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23
Q

Trans fatty acids

A
  • behave more like saturated fats

- increases blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease

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24
Q

what makes up only 5%of lipids in the diet?

A

Phospholipids and Sterols

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25
Q
  • what is the best known phospholipid?

- describe its structure

A
  • Lecithin

- structure includes glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and choline on the third site

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26
Q

what is the commercial use for phospholipids?

A

-emulsifier: due to the hydrophobic fatty acid and the hydrophilic phosphate group

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27
Q

Where can phospholipids be found? where can lecithin?

A
  • phospholipids are used in mayonnaise, salad dressings, and candybars
  • lecithing are found in foods like eggs, liver, soybean, wheatgerm, and peanuts.
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28
Q
  • what are sterols?

- what is the most well known

A
  • compounds with a multiple ring structure

- cholesterol

29
Q
  • Where can you find cholesterol?
  • what sterol do you find in plants?
  • what do plant sterols do?
A
  • food derived from animals: meats, eggs, seafood, poultry, and dairy products.
  • sterols other than cholesterol
  • plant sterol inhibit the absorption of cholesterol which lower blood cholesterol.
30
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

cholesterol serve as the starting materials to synthesize:

  • bile acids
  • sex hormones( testosterone, androgen, estrogen)
  • adrenal hormones(cortisol, cortisone, aldosterone)
  • Vitamin D
  • cell membranes
31
Q

Cholesterol harmful effects in the body occur when?

A

-they build up in arteries that cause plaque which lead to Artherosclerosis (a disease that causes heart attack and stroke)

32
Q

goal of lipid digestion

A

breakdown and dismantle triglycerides into small molecules

33
Q

lipid digestion in the mouth

A
  • hard fats begin to melt once it reaches body temperature

- (in infants) the tongue releases lingual lipase that digests fatty acid chains in milk

34
Q

lipid digestion in stomach

A
  • little digestion occurs
  • churning grinds and mixes the chyme into smaller, finer particles. this exposes the fat for attack for gastric lipase enzyme
35
Q

lipid digestion in smaller intestine

A
  • releases cholecystokinin
  • bile is released from gallbladder
  • bile acts as en emulsifier drawing fats to water fluids
  • fats are fully digested by lipase enzyme from pancrease and small intestine
  • where major hydrolysis of triglycerides occur
36
Q

where does bile go after emulsifying fat?

A
  • recycled and reused

- excreted reducing blood cholesterol

37
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

  • Small(less than 6 carbon)
  • medium(6 to 10 carbon)
  • Large(12-24 carbon)
A
  • Small, medium lipids, and glycerol diffuse easily into intestinal cells then absorbed directly into the blood stream
  • large molecules like long fatty acid chains are emulsified forming micells then diffuse into intestinal cell where triglycerides resemble.
38
Q

how are lipids transported.

A

a group of vehicles known as lipoproteins

39
Q

four types of lipoproteins

A
  • chylomicrons
  • Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
  • Low Density lipoproteins(LDL)
  • High density Lipoproteins(HDL)
40
Q

Chylomicrons

what does it transport

A
  • Largest and least dense

- mostly triglycerides via lymph system from the small intestine

41
Q

What is the most active site for lipid synthesis?

A

Liver

42
Q

What do VLDL carry?

A

Lipids made from the liver and collected from remnants of chylomicrons

43
Q

What happens to VLDL as it travels around the body?

A

VLDL becomes smaller as it cells continue to remove triglycerides becoming LDL

44
Q

Where is HDL made and what for?

A

HDL is made in the liver to remove cholesterol from cells and bring it back to the liver for disposal or recycling

45
Q

Associated with risk for heart disease

A

High LDL and low HDL

46
Q

what are some roles of triglycerides in the body?

A
  • energy
  • insulation
  • shock absorption
  • maintaining cell membrane
47
Q

where are lipids stored?

A

virtually unlimited storage capacity in adipose tissue

48
Q

if fat is stored anywhere else that is nonadipose cell?

A

it is toxic and unhealthy

49
Q

protein that help regulate energy balance and influence several body functions

A

adipokines: released by adipose tissue

50
Q

obesity increases and decreases the release of what?

A
  • increases resistin: promotes inflammation and insulin resistance
  • decreases adiposetin: protects against inflammation, diabetes, and heart disease
51
Q

essential fatty acids ( must be supplied by diet)

A

Omega 3- linolenic acid

Omega 6- Linoleic acid

52
Q

Roles of Omega 3

A
  • critical role in optimal function of cells
  • normal growth
  • visual acuity
  • cognitive development
  • found abundantly in eyes and brain
53
Q
  • eicosanoids from omega 3

- eicosanoids form omega 6

A
  • help lower BP, prevent blood clot, protect against irregular heart beat, and reduces inflammation
  • promote blood clot, inflammation, and blood vessel constriction.
54
Q

omega 6 to omega 3 ration

A

4:1 to 10:1

55
Q

fatty acid deficiency can cause?

A
  • growth retardation
  • reproductive failure
  • skin lesions
  • kidney and liver disorder
  • neurological and visual problems
56
Q

hydrolizes triglycerieds from circulating lipoproteins

A

lipoprotein lipase

57
Q

what can you use to predict if a person is at risk of heart attack?

A

LDL cholesterol

58
Q

what do saturated fats do?

A

raise cholesterol and promote blood clotting

59
Q

how can you reduce saturated fat intake?

A
  • select lean cuts of meat
  • skinless poultry
  • fat free milk products
60
Q

what do trans fats do?

A

raise LDL and lower HDL

61
Q

too much omega 3 can cause?

A
  • increase bleeding time
  • interfere with wound healing
  • raise LDL cholesterol
  • suppress immune function
62
Q

Very lean option

A

-Chicken no sking
-COD
-flounder, trout, tuna
legumes

63
Q

lean option

A 
beaf or pork
chicken no skin
herring
salmon
tuna
64
Q

medium fat option

A

ground beef, eggs, tofu

65
Q

high fat option

A

bacon hot dogs, sausages, peanut butter, nuts

66
Q

Monounsaturated fat sources

A
  • Avocado
  • nuts
  • canola, olive, peanut, sesame oils
  • olives
  • peanut butter
  • sesame seeds
67
Q

Omega 6 sources

A

margarin

  • mayonnaise
  • pine nuts, walnuts
  • cotton seed oil, corn oil, safflower oil, soy bean oil
  • salad dressing
  • sunflower seeds
68
Q

omega 3 sources

A
  • fatty fish
  • flax seeds, chia seeds
  • marine algae
  • walnuts
  • canola and flax seed oil
  • yeast

Nurs-215 (9 decks)

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