Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
Most abundant mineral in the body. Appears in combination with phosphates. About 99% stored in bone and teeth. Blood levels controled by parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol promotes abortion of dietary intake
Calcicum
(Mineral)sources: milk egg yolk, shellfish, leafy green veggies
calcium
mineral required by thyroid gland to synthesize thyroid hormones which regulate metabolic rate
calcium
About 80% found in bones and teeth as BLANK salts. Blood levels are controlled by parathyroid hormone. Excess secreted in urine and small amount eliminated in feces.
Phosphorus
(mineral) food sources dairy products, meat , fish , poultry and nuts
phosphorus
Major cation in intracellular fluid. Excess excreted in urine
Potassium
found in most foods - avocados are a big source
potassium
mineral needed for generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers
potassium
formation of bones and teeth, constitutes a major buffer system of blood. Role in muscle contraction and nerve activity. COmponent of many enzymes, involved in energy transfer (ATP). Componenets of DNA and RNA
Phosphorus
Componenets of many proteins (insulin), electron carrier in electron transport chain and some vitamins (thiamin and biotin) excreted in urine
Sulfur
mineral food sources
beef, liver, lamb, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, beans
as component of hormones and vitamins, regulates various body activities. Needed for ATP production by electron transport chain.
sulfur
Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid. Some found in bones. Excreted in urine and perspiration. Normal intake supplies more than required amounts
sodium
strongly affects distribution of water through osmosis. Part of bicarbonate buffer system. Functions in nerve and muscle action potential conduction
sodium
Major anion in extracellular fluid. Excess exreted in urine.
Chloride
mineral food sources table salt, soy sauce, processed foods
chloride
role in acid-base balance of blood, water balance and formation of HCL in stomach
chloride
important cation in intracellular fluid. Excreted in urine and feces
magnesium
mineral food sources: leafy greens, seafood, whole grian cereals
magnesium
required for normal functioning muscle and nervous tissue. Participates in bone formation. Constituent of many co-enzymes
magnesium
About 66% found in hemoglobin of blood. Normal losses of iron occur by shedding hair, epithelial cells, mucosal cels and sweat, urine, feces, bile and blood lost during menstruation
iron
food sources of include meat, liver, shellfish, egg yolk, beans, legumes, dried fruits, nuts and cereals
iron
as component of hemoglobin, reversible binds O2. component of cytochromes involved in electron transport chain
iron
essential component of thyroid hormones. excreted in urine
iodine
mineral food sources include
seafood, iodized salt, vegetables grown in iodine-rich soils
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
formed from pro-vitamin beta-carotene (and other pro-vitamins) in GI tract. Stored in liver.
vitamin A
maintains general health and vigor of epithelial cells. provitamin of this vitamin acts as an antioxidant to inactive free radicals. Essential for formation of light sensistive pigments in photoreceptors of retina. Aids in growth of bones and teeth by helping to regulate activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
vitamin A
deficiencies results in atrophy and keratinization of epithelium, leading to dry skin and hair; increased incidence of ear, sinus, respiratory, urinary and digestive system infections, inability to gain weight; drying of cornea and skin sores. Results in night blindness. slow and faulty development of bones and teeth
vitamin A
sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin to this vitamin also known as cholecalciferol. A liver enzyme then converts that to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A second enzyme in the kidneys converts 25- hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitrol, the active form of this vitamin.
vitamind D
essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from GI tract. Works with PTH to maintain CA homeostasis
Vitamin D
deficiency results in defective utilization of calcium by bones leading to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Possible loss of muscle tone
Vitamin D
stored in liver, adipose tissue and muscles
Vitamin E
inhibits catabolism of certain fatty acids that help form cell structures, especially membranes. Involved in formation of DNA, RNA and red blood cells. May promote wound healing, contribute to normal structure of functioning of nergous system and prevent scarring. May help protect liver from toxic chemicals. acts as an antioxidant to inactivate free radicals
vitamin E
deficiency may cause oxidation of monounsaturated fats, resulting in abnormal structure and function of mitochondria, lysosomes and plasma membranes. Possible consequences is hemolytic anemia
vitamin E
produced by intestinal bacteria. stored in liver and spleen, dietary sources:spinach, cauliflower, cabbage and liver.
Vitamin K
coenzyme essential for synthesis of several clotting factors by liver, including prothomin
vitamin K
delayed clotting time results in excessive bleeding
vitamin K
Rapidly destroyed by heat, sources include whole grain products, eggs, pork nuts, liver, yeast
Thiamine( B1)
acts as coenzyme for many different enxymes that break carbon to carbon bonds and are involved in carbohydrate metabolism of pyruvic acid to COs and H2O. Essential for synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Thiamine (B1)
disease associated with deficiency: beriberi: partial paralysis of smooth muscle of GI tract, causing digestive distubances, skeletal muscle paralysis and atrophy of limbs. (2) Polyneuritis due to degeneration of myelin sheaths; impaired sense of touch, stunted growth in children and poor appetite
Thiamine B1
Small amounts supplied by bacteria in GI tract. food sources: peas, beets, peanuts, asparagus, yeast, liver and beef
B2 (riboflavin)
component of certain coenzymes (FAD and FMN) in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, especially in cells of eye, integument, mucosa of intestine and blood
B2 riboflavin
Derived from amino acid tryptophan. Sources same as b2
Niacin/nicotinamide
essential componenet of NAD and NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions. In lipid metabolism inhibits production of cholesterol and assist in riglyceride breakdown.
naicin/nicotinamide
Deficiency leads to palegra and psychological distrubances
Niacin/nicotinamide
synthezied by bacteria of GI tract. stored in liver, muscle and brain.
B6 (pyridoxine)
essential coenzyme for normal amino acid metabolism. Assists production of circulating antibodies. May function as coenzyme in triglyceride metabolism.
B6 (pyridoxine)
deficiency is mostly dematitis
B6 Pyridoxine
Only b vitamin not found in vegetables, only vitamin containing cobalt. Absorption from GI tract depends on intriscic factor secreted by gastric mucosa.
B12 (cynocobalamin)
Coenzymes necessary for red blood cell formation, formation of amino acid methionin, entrace of some amino acids into krebs cycle, and manufacture of ccholine (used to synthesize acetylcholine)
B12
deficencies: pernicious anemia, impaired activity of osteoblasts, neuropsychiatric abnormalities
B12
Some produced by bacteria of GI tract, stored primarily in liver and kidneys
Pantothenic acid
constituent of coenzyme A, which is essential for transfer of acetyl group from pyruvic acid into Krebs cycle, conversion of lipids and amino acids into glucose and synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones
pantothenic acid
deficiencies result in fatigue, muscle spasm, insuffiecing production of adrenal steroid hormones, vomiting and insomnia
Pantothenic acid
Synthesized by bacteria of GI tract
Folic acid, folate, folacin
component of enzyme systems synthesizing nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA. Essential for normal production of red and white blood cells
Folic acid
deficiency:production of abnormally large red blood cells (macrocytic anemia) high risk of neural tube defects in babies of deficient mothers
Folic acid
synthesized by bacteria of GI tract
Biotin
essential coenzyme for conversion of pyruvic acid to oxalaocetic acid and synthesis of fatty acids and purines
biotin
deficiency: mental depression, muscluar pain
biotin
stored in gladular tissue and plasma
vitamin C
promotes protein synthesis, including laying down of collagen in formation of connective tissue. As coenzyme, may combine with poisons, rendering them harmless until excreted. Works with antibodies, promotes wound healing and functions as an antioxidant
vitamin C
