Lymphatic System Flashcards
The lymphatic system functions to (3)
1)drain interstitial fluid 2)transport dietary fats 3) carry out immune responses
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form BLANK which have BLANK
lymphatic vessels which have thin walls and many valves
Lymphatic vessels/lymphatics do what
return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood
once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics it is called
lymph
lymphatic vessels are also called BLANK end vessels
dead end
lymphatic capilaries are made of
simple squamous epithelal lining
from lymphatic vessels, lymph passes through BLANK and then into BLANK
lymph nodes and then into lymph trunks
lymph trunks include
lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian and jungular trunks
lymph trunks merge to form
either the thoracic duct (left) or right lymphatic duct
what connects the immune system to the lymphatic system
lymph nodes
which lymph duct is larger
left/thoracic
left/thoracic duct drains
left upper side and both lower extremeties
right thoracic duct drains
right upper extremities and head
Lymph nodes serve as the
check point for cells and foreign invaders
the lymph ducts empty lymph into
the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system
afferent lymphatic vessels
carry lymph from capillaries to nodes
lymphatic capilaries
absorb interstitial fluid and pass lyph to afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes do 2 things to cells
1) destroy cells immediately 2) take parts of foreign invaders to build army against it
lymph is propelled by (4)
skeletal muscle contraction, presure changes in thorax during breathing, valves to prevent backflow, pulsation of nearby arteries
primary lymphatic organs
1) red bone marrow 2) thymus
which cell stays in bone marrow
B cells
in the thymus, cells learn
self tolerance: not to destroy cells, immunocompetnece ability to recognize and bind to proteins - self tolerance comes before immunocompetence
secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
which cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus
T cells
where do cells become immmunocompetent
in the thymus
what happens in the spleen
red blood cell recycling
what happens in the lymphatic nodues
second line of defense where we filter for pathogens and screen blood
principal lymphoid organ of the body
lymph node
lymph nodes are embedded
in connective tisssue in clusters along lymphatic vessels.
in the lymph nodes, cell “soldiers” become
activated
lymph nodes are located
near body surfaces in inguinal, axillary and cervical regions of the body
in a lymph node, there is more BLANK flow than BLANK flow
affarent than efferent
in a lymph node, B cells are located in
germinal center in secondary lymphatic nodules
in a lymph node, T cells are located in the
medulla
spleen contains
red pulp and white pulp
white pulp
areas where lymphatic tissue, where T cells become immunocompetent
red pulp
filled with sinusoidal capillaries, where red blood cells will be removed from circulation and broken down
venous sinuses are found in
red pulp
which is the largest lymphoid organ
spleen
where do the splenic artery and vein enter and exit
hilum
functions of spleen
cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris, site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
white pulp is located
around central arteries- involve in immune functions
red pulp is located
in venous sinuses and splenic cords
lymphoid tissue houses and provides
proliferation site for lymphocytes
lymphoid tissue is made of
reticular/loose connective tissue
two types of lymphoid tissue
diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles
lymphatic nodules are
masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule
lymphatic nodules scattered throughout the lamina propri of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive and respiratory airways are referred to as
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue or MALT
largest collection of MALT are located in the
tonsils, peyer’s patches and appendix
peyer’s patches are located in the
digestive tract, mainly small intestine
Innate Immunity
wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us agaisnt invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins
which type of immunity are we born with
innate immunity
two lines of defense of innate immunity
(external defenses) skin and mucous membranes, internal defenses
mechanical defenses
skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
chemical defenses
sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice
internal defenses
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever
adaptive immunity
recognizes and defeats + produces specific memory to antigens: the body’s ability to defend itself against specific invading agents
antigens
substances recognized as foreing that provoke immune responses
two types of adaptive immunity
cell mediated and antibody-mediated
cell-mediated
intracellular- T cells includes cancerous
antibody-mediated
humoral immunity- fluids B cells, extracellular immunity
immunogenicity
the ability to provoke immune activation response
reactivity
killing pathogens when we make T cells to attack
entire microbes or just part of microbes may act as
antigens
for an immune response to occur
B and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigent is present
B cells can recognize an dbind to antigens in
lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma
T cells only recognize
fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way
epitopes
small parts of a large antigen molecule act as the triggers for immune response
antigen presentation
during antigen processing when they are broken down into peptide fragments that associate with MHC molecules, the antigen-MHC complex is then inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell
which cells make MHC II
red blood cells, recognized by CD4
which cells make MCH I
body cells, recognized my CD8
processes in cell-mediated immunity
1) antigen is recognized and bound 2) a small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells. 3)antigen is eliminated ALSO produces memory cells
processes in antibody-mediated immunity
1) an antigen is recognized and bound 2)helper T cells constimulate the B cell so the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells that produce antibodies 3)antigen is eliminated
first immunoglobulin to be secreted
IGM
