Chapter 6

Question 1

Diaphysis

Answer 1

bone shaft

Question 2

Epiphyses

Answer 2

(2)both ends of the bone at the joints

Question 3

Metaphysis

Answer 3

(2) region between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 4

Articular Cartilage

Answer 4

Covers epiphyses

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

connective tissue surronding diaphysis

Question 6

Medullary cavity

Answer 6

hollow space within diaphysis

Question 7

Endosteum

Answer 7

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Question 8

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer 8

bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells - developt sinto an osteoblast

Question 9

Osteoblasts

Answer 9

bone building cell that secrete matrix - forms bone extracellular matrix

Question 10

Osteocytes

Answer 10

Mature bone cells- maintains bone tissue

Question 11

Osteoclastic

Answer 11

Remodel bones and cause them to release calcium- functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

Question 12

Compact Bone

Answer 12

Good at providing protection and support

Question 13

Spongy bone

Answer 13

lightweight and provides tissue support

Question 14

Periosteal arteries

Answer 14

accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis thorugh Volkmann’s canals. They are accompanied by periosteal veins.

Question 15

Nutrient artery

Answer 15

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal

Question 16

Ossification (osteogensis)

Answer 16

The proccess of bone formation. takes place during 4 situations

Question 17

Ossification occurs during these 4 situations

Answer 17

1) embryological and fetal development
2) when bones grow before adulthood
3) when bones remodel
4) when fractures heal

Question 18

two forms of ossification

Answer 18

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 19

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 19

occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme) is replaced by bone

Question 20

Endochondral ossification

Answer 20

replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus AND in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grown in length

Question 21

Fractures heal in 3 phases/4steps

Answer 21

(1) reactive phase
(2) reparative phase
(3) the bone remodeling phase is the last step as the bony callus is remodeled

Question 22

Reactive phase is also known as

Answer 22

the early inflammatory phase

Question 23

reparative phase

Answer 23

includes formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second

Question 24

the bone remodeling phase

Answer 24

last step as the bony callus is remodeled.

Question 25

Hypocalcemia

Answer 25

causes excesive excitability of muscular and nervous system, leading to muscle spasm, tremors or tetany.

Question 26

hypercalcemia

Answer 26

excessive calcum binding to cell surface makes sodium channels les likely to open, depressing muscular and nervous system

Question 27

calcium-phosphate homeostaisis depends on

Answer 27

calcitriol,, calcitonin and PTH

Question 28

Calcitriol

Answer 28

activated vitamin D, behaves as a hormone that raises blood calcium concentration

Question 29

Parathyroid hormone PTH

Answer 29

secreted by the parathyroid glands found on the posterir surface of the thyroid gland. Released with hypocalcemia