circulatory system Flashcards
What type of tissue is blood
fluid connective tissue
What type of matrix is plasma
non-living fluid matrix
Formed elements in blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
Composition of blood
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
Buffy coat includes
leukocytes and platelets, 1%< of whole blood
Composition of plasma
7% proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen) 91% water, 2%other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases)
Functions of blood
distributing substances, regulation of blood levels of substances, protection
Distribution functions include
delivering O2 and nutrients, transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidsneys, transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation functions include
body temp, normal pH, adequate fluid volume
Protection functions include
preventing blood loss, preventing infection
lymphocytes
white blood cells
Lymphocytes lifespan
years
the process of producing blood cells
hemopoiesis
where is blood formed
in bone marow
which cells differentiate into other types of cells
pluripotent stem cells
erythrocytes
red blood cells
red blood cells carry
hemoglobin
hemoglobin carries
oxygen and 23% of total carbon dioxide to lungs
Each hemoglobin molecule contains an ….. ion which allows each molecule to bind #….. molecules
iron, 4 oxygen
what shape are red blood cells
Biconcave discs
Red blood cells have no
organelles or nucleus
Each hemoglobin molecule contains # subunits each with a heme unit
4
carbonic anhydrase
found in red blood cells, catalyzes the converstion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid.
Red blood cell lifespan
100-120 days
where do red blood cells go to die
liver and spleen
after death of red blood cell, which molecules can be reused
iron and globin
since iron is toxic in the blood, how does it travel?
transferrin
heme is broken down into two molecules
iron and biliverdin
erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells.
reticulocytes
immature red blood cells that enter the circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days.
Erythropoietin
a hormone released by the kidneys in responsed to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentrate)- stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythroytes
White blood cells V red blood cells
white blood cells have nucleus but no hemoglobin, red blood cells have no nucleus but yes hemoglobin.
granular leukocytes
containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
agranular leukocytes
containing no granules
types of granular leukocytes
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils BEN
types of agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes (t&b cells) monocytes (macrophages)
main function of white blood cells
combat invading microbes
Emigration
the process of white blood cells leaving the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion
diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
when leukocytes stick to the side of blood vessles
margination
high neutrophils
bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
high lymphocytes
viral infection, some leukemia, infections mononucleosis
high monocytes
viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemia, other chronic diseases, food allergy
high eosinophils
allergic reaction, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease
high basophils
allergic reaction, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidsm
platelets are used to
clot the blood
under the influence of thrombopoietin, stem cells differentiate into
platelets
BLANK in red bone marrow splinter into 2000-300 fragments to create platelets.
Megakaryocytes
platelet lifespan
5 to 9 days
Aplastic Anemia
trouble making red blood cells
where is bone marrow usually collected
iliac crest of the hip
Hemostasis
stop bleeding
Hemostasis involves
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting/coagulation.
chemotaxis
hormone/chemicals that trigger platelets to come to the site of injury
Fibrin threads are the
“scalfoding for blood repair”
blood clotting involves several factors divided into 3 stages
extrinsic pathway, intrisic pathway, common pathway
extrinsic pathway
source of damage is outside the blood vessel
intrinsic pathway
source of damage is in the blood vessle itself
common pathway line up
prothrobin –> thrombin –>fibrinogen —>fibrin= clotting mesh
vitamin K in clotting
does not clot directly but is used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.
small unwanted clots are usually dissolved by
plasmin or fibrinolysin
Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence or absence of
glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens/agglutinogens on the surface of red blood cells
How many blood groups? and antigens?
24, over 100
what are the two type of antigens that go against antibodies
A and B
agglutinins also called
antibodies
What type of antibodies does antigen type A have
anti-B antibodies
what type of antibodies does antigen type B have
anti-A antibodies
What type of antibodies does antigen AB have
no antibody
what type of antibodies does O blood have
both A and B antibodies
Universal donor
O
Universal recepient
AB
agglutinogen also called
antogen
Hemolytic disease of the Newborn
when small amounts of RH+ fetal blood leak into an RH- mother and she creates antibodies for RH+ blood and her next child is Rh+: causes agglutination and hemolysis
SIckle Cell Disease
Genetic anemia- oxygen-carrying capacity ofthe blood is reduced - create a sickle shape when it gives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid
What gives red blood cells its color
Heme
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport # oxygen molecules
4
Each RBC contains # HB molecules
250 million
Hemoglobin consists of
globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups
O2 loading in lungs produces
oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
O2 loading in tissues produces
deoxyhemoglobin- reduced hemoglobin (dark red)
Blood cell formation in bone marrow usually occurs in
axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
Hematopoeitic stem cells
hemocytoblasts
stages of blood development
Myeloid stem cell–> proerythroblast–(15 days–> reticulocytes (loss of nucleus)
reticulocyte count indicates
rate of RBC formation
hypoxia
lack of oxygen
too few red blood cells leads to
hypoxia
balance between RBC production and destruction depends on
hormone controls, adequate supplies of iron, amino acids and B vitamins
Hormonal stimulis of erythropoiesis
erythopoietin
which organ releases erythropoietin in response to low O2/hypoxia
kidneys
what male hormone enhances EPO production
testosterone
Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis
nutrients: amino acids, lipids and carbs, iron and vitamin b12 and folic acid
during destruction of erythrocytes, heme is degraded to yellow pigment called
bilirubin
during destruction of erythrocutes, globin is metabolized into
amino acids
Bilirubin leaving the body in feces
stercobilin
3 types of anemia
hemorrhagic, aplastic, hemolytic
anemia type:Hemorrhagic anemia
Blood loss
anemia type: aplastic
low RBC production
anemia type: hemolytic
High RBC destruction
iron-deficiency anemia causes
caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron uptake or impaired absorption
Pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia: caused by autoimmune disease, destroys stomach mucosa and lack of intrinsic factor neded to absorb B12- also caused by vegan/vegetarian diets
Renal anemia
aplastic anemia: lack of EPO, often accompanies renal disease
Aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red marrow,
pluripotent stem cell
the cell that can go into many different directions
myloid stem cell path
make up most of your blood cells
lymphoid stem cell path
T and B lymphocytes cells for your immune system: part of your adaptive immune system- responds to specifics
monocytes can further differentiate into
macrophages
lymphoid stem cells differentiate into
plasma
