circulatory system Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What type of tissue is blood
A
fluid connective tissue
2
Q
What type of matrix is plasma
A
non-living fluid matrix
3
Q
Formed elements in blood
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
4
Q
Composition of blood
A
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
5
Q
Buffy coat includes
A
leukocytes and platelets, 1%< of whole blood
6
Q
Composition of plasma
A
7% proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen) 91% water, 2%other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases)
7
Q
Functions of blood
A
distributing substances, regulation of blood levels of substances, protection
8
Q
Distribution functions include
A
delivering O2 and nutrients, transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidsneys, transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
9
Q
Regulation functions include
A
body temp, normal pH, adequate fluid volume
10
Q
Protection functions include
A
preventing blood loss, preventing infection
11
Q
lymphocytes
A
white blood cells
12
Q
Lymphocytes lifespan
A
years
13
Q
the process of producing blood cells
A
hemopoiesis
14
Q
where is blood formed
A
in bone marow
15
Q
which cells differentiate into other types of cells
A
pluripotent stem cells
16
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
17
Q
red blood cells carry
A
hemoglobin
18
Q
hemoglobin carries
A
oxygen and 23% of total carbon dioxide to lungs
19
Q
Each hemoglobin molecule contains an ….. ion which allows each molecule to bind #….. molecules
A
iron, 4 oxygen
20
Q
what shape are red blood cells
A
Biconcave discs
21
Q
Red blood cells have no
A
organelles or nucleus
22
Q
Each hemoglobin molecule contains # subunits each with a heme unit
A
4
23
Q
carbonic anhydrase
A
found in red blood cells, catalyzes the converstion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid.
24
Q
Red blood cell lifespan
A
100-120 days
25
where do red blood cells go to die
liver and spleen
26
after death of red blood cell, which molecules can be reused
iron and globin
27
since iron is toxic in the blood, how does it travel?
transferrin
28
heme is broken down into two molecules
iron and biliverdin
29
erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells.
30
reticulocytes
immature red blood cells that enter the circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days.
31
Erythropoietin
a hormone released by the kidneys in responsed to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentrate)- stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythroytes
32
White blood cells V red blood cells
white blood cells have nucleus but no hemoglobin, red blood cells have no nucleus but yes hemoglobin.
33
granular leukocytes
containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
34
agranular leukocytes
containing no granules
35
types of granular leukocytes
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils BEN
36
types of agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes (t&b cells) monocytes (macrophages)
37
main function of white blood cells
combat invading microbes
38
Emigration
the process of white blood cells leaving the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion
39
diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
40
when leukocytes stick to the side of blood vessles
margination
41
high neutrophils
bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
42
high lymphocytes
viral infection, some leukemia, infections mononucleosis
43
high monocytes
viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemia, other chronic diseases, food allergy
44
high eosinophils
allergic reaction, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease
45
high basophils
allergic reaction, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidsm
46
platelets are used to
clot the blood
47
under the influence of thrombopoietin, stem cells differentiate into
platelets
48
BLANK in red bone marrow splinter into 2000-300 fragments to create platelets.
Megakaryocytes
49
platelet lifespan
5 to 9 days
50
Aplastic Anemia
trouble making red blood cells
51
where is bone marrow usually collected
iliac crest of the hip
52
Hemostasis
stop bleeding
53
Hemostasis involves
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting/coagulation.
54
chemotaxis
hormone/chemicals that trigger platelets to come to the site of injury
55
Fibrin threads are the
"scalfoding for blood repair"
56
blood clotting involves several factors divided into 3 stages
extrinsic pathway, intrisic pathway, common pathway
57
extrinsic pathway
source of damage is outside the blood vessel
58
intrinsic pathway
source of damage is in the blood vessle itself
59
common pathway line up
prothrobin --> thrombin -->fibrinogen --->fibrin= clotting mesh
60
vitamin K in clotting
does not clot directly but is used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.
61
small unwanted clots are usually dissolved by
plasmin or fibrinolysin
62
Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence or absence of
glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens/agglutinogens on the surface of red blood cells
63
How many blood groups? and antigens?
24, over 100
64
what are the two type of antigens that go against antibodies
A and B
65
agglutinins also called
antibodies
66
What type of antibodies does antigen type A have
anti-B antibodies
67
what type of antibodies does antigen type B have
anti-A antibodies
68
What type of antibodies does antigen AB have
no antibody
69
what type of antibodies does O blood have
both A and B antibodies
70
Universal donor
O
71
Universal recepient
AB
72
agglutinogen also called
antogen
73
Hemolytic disease of the Newborn
when small amounts of RH+ fetal blood leak into an RH- mother and she creates antibodies for RH+ blood and her next child is Rh+: causes agglutination and hemolysis
74
SIckle Cell Disease
Genetic anemia- oxygen-carrying capacity ofthe blood is reduced - create a sickle shape when it gives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid
75
What gives red blood cells its color
Heme
76
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport # oxygen molecules
4
77
Each RBC contains # HB molecules
250 million
78
Hemoglobin consists of
globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups
79
O2 loading in lungs produces
oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
80
O2 loading in tissues produces
deoxyhemoglobin- reduced hemoglobin (dark red)
81
Blood cell formation in bone marrow usually occurs in
axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
82
Hematopoeitic stem cells
hemocytoblasts
83
stages of blood development
Myeloid stem cell--> proerythroblast--(15 days--> reticulocytes (loss of nucleus)
84
reticulocyte count indicates
rate of RBC formation
85
hypoxia
lack of oxygen
86
too few red blood cells leads to
hypoxia
87
balance between RBC production and destruction depends on
hormone controls, adequate supplies of iron, amino acids and B vitamins
88
Hormonal stimulis of erythropoiesis
erythopoietin
89
which organ releases erythropoietin in response to low O2/hypoxia
kidneys
90
what male hormone enhances EPO production
testosterone
91
Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis
nutrients: amino acids, lipids and carbs, iron and vitamin b12 and folic acid
92
during destruction of erythrocytes, heme is degraded to yellow pigment called
bilirubin
93
during destruction of erythrocutes, globin is metabolized into
amino acids
94
Bilirubin leaving the body in feces
stercobilin
95
3 types of anemia
hemorrhagic, aplastic, hemolytic
96
anemia type:Hemorrhagic anemia
Blood loss
97
anemia type: aplastic
low RBC production
98
anemia type: hemolytic
High RBC destruction
99
iron-deficiency anemia causes
caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron uptake or impaired absorption
100
Pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia: caused by autoimmune disease, destroys stomach mucosa and lack of intrinsic factor neded to absorb B12- also caused by vegan/vegetarian diets
101
Renal anemia
aplastic anemia: lack of EPO, often accompanies renal disease
102
Aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red marrow,
103
pluripotent stem cell
the cell that can go into many different directions
104
myloid stem cell path
make up most of your blood cells
105
lymphoid stem cell path
T and B lymphocytes cells for your immune system: part of your adaptive immune system- responds to specifics
106
monocytes can further differentiate into
macrophages
107
lymphoid stem cells differentiate into
plasma
