Special Sense Flashcards
where are the receptors for the sense of smell located
on the olfactory epithelium of the nose
first order neurons in smell
olfactory receptor cells.
sites of olfactory transduction
olfactory cilia
what is transduction
conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor
where is the olfactory epithelium located
supporting cells superior part of the nasal cavity
3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells
olfactory info goes to which cranial nerve
cranial nerve 1
olfactory receptor cells regenerate from
basal cells
cranial nerve 1 is located in
termperal lobe
supporting cells (columnar epithelium) offer
physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cells
Basal stem cells
undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells
olfactory glands (bowman’s glands)
produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur
receptors in the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory CN1 nerve –>
through the cribriform plate –>synapse with the olfactory bulb–> impulse travel along the olfactory tract –>interpretation occurs in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex/temperal lobe
what occurs in the olfactory bulb
synapses
olfactory transduction
binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein —>action potential travels to the primary olfactory area (temporal lobe) —>impulse travels to the various parts of brain for odor indentification (limbic system)
5 primary tastes
sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami (meaty/savory)
where are taste buds located
tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis
how many taste buds are there
10,000
3 type of epithelial cells on taste bud
supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal stem cells
taste buds are also located on elevations on the tongue called
papillae
4 types of papillae
vallate, fungiform, foliate, filiform
vallate papillae,
v shape in dorsal area, bitter taste
fungiform papillae
look like mushrooms, scattered over the tounge with about 5 taste buds in each
foliate papillae
lateral part of the tongue, degenerate in early childhood
filiform papillae
cover the entire surface of the tongue, touch receptors not taste, increase friction to make it easier to move food around
3 cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste
7, 9, 10
cranial 7 (facial nerve) and taste
carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue
cranial 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) and taste
carries taste info from the posterior 1/3 part of the tongue
vagus nerve (10) and taste
carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat
which sense doesn’t go through the thalmus to get to the cortex
olfaction- smell
pathway of gustation
tongue–>gustatory nucleus in the medulla–>thalmus –>cortex
how large is the visible light wavelength
400 to 700 nm
accessory structures of eye include
eyelids, eyelash, eyebrows, lactrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscle.
palpebral muscles
control eyelid movement
extrinsic eye muscles (6)
responsible for moving eyeball in al directions
conjuctiva
thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
tarsal plate
fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids. contains a row of sebaceous glands that keep eyelids from sticking together
pathway for tears
glands–>ducts–>canaliculi–>sac–nasolactrimal ducts –>nasal cavity
Cranial nerves involved in sight
3,4 and 6
six extrinsic eye muscles
superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
eye muscles help
tract moving objects
two types of tunis in the eye
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
fibrous tunics (2)
cornea and sclera
vascular tunics (3)
choroid, ciliary body and iris
which eye characteristics are responsible for stretching the retina in response to object position (near or far)
ciliary body (muscles and process) and zonular fibers
the retinas reaction to light is controlled by
autonomic reflexes in response to light
what controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
the iris=circular muscles
which autonomic nervous system dilates pupils
sympathetic
what is the colored portion around the eye
iris
the nerves of the retina go into which cranial nerve
cranial nerve 2
the point at which the optic nerve exits the eye
optic disk/blind spot
area of highest visual acuity
fovea centralis – the center of the center(macula lutea) of the retina
photoreceptors of the retina
rods and cones
rods
see dim light
cones
produce color vision
pathway of vision
rods/cones–>outer synpatic layer –>bipolar cells–>inner synpatic layer –>ganglion cells—> optic nerve 2
what are the first sensors of the retina stimulated by light
rods and cones
the iris devides the eye into
an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber
the anterior and posterior chambers are filled with
aqueous humor (watery liquid)
anterior chamber is located betwween
iris and cornea
posterior/vitreous chamber is located
behind iris infront of lense
pathway of light
cornea–>anterior chamber –>pupil –>posterior chamber –>lens –>viterous humor —projected onto the retina
the vitreous chamber fluid and body
keep retina in proper shape and applies pressure
normal vision of eye
emmetropic
when viewing distance objects, the lens becomes
thinner
when viewing objects upclose, the lens becomes
thicker
myopia
nearsightedness (see upload but distance is blurry)
concave lense
fixes myopia
hyperopia
farsightedness, eye ball is shorter than it should be
convex lense
fixes hyperopia
astigmatism
where eithe the cornea, lense or both has irregular curve
photoreceptors in the cornea
rods and cones
what do rods and cones do
convert light energy into neural impulses
visual pathway in the brain
optic nerve 2->optic chiasm (criss cross)–>optic tract –>thalmus –>optic radiation —>visual region of the cortex
ear is responsible for
hearing and equilibrium
the ear is divided into 3 regions
external ear, middle ear, inner ear.
the vestibul branch and cochlear branch connect to which cranial nerve
8
external ear contains the
pinna(auricle), external auditory cancal and tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane is also known as the
ear drum
which part of the ear captures sound?
pinna/auricle
which part of the ear transmits sound to the eardrum
external auditory canal
which part of the ear secretes cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and ear
ceruminous glands
middle ear contains 3 auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
sound vibrations are transmitter from the BLANK to the BLANK
3 bones of the middle ear to the oval window
what part of the ear extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx and regulates air pressure
the auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube and eustachian tube)
the inner ear contains
the cochlea and semicircular canals
what do the semi-circular canals do
work with the cerebellum for balnace and equillibrium
what does the cochlea due
translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound
vibration transmission
stapes –>oval window—>cochlea
pressure waves are transmitter into the
perilymph of the scala vestibuli —>scala tympani—>round window
where are the little hairs and receptor cells located
on the organ of corti
the cochlear nerves form the BLANK of the Blank
cochlear branch of the vestibulococheart (8) nerve
two forms of equilibrium
static and dynamic
static equilibrium
maintenance of the body’s position relative to the force of gravity
dynamic equilibrium
maintanance of the bodys position in reponse to sudden movements
vestibular aparatus
organs that maintain equilibrium
vestibular apartus includes
sacccule, utricle and semicircular canals
otiliths are
calcium carbonate crystals
the otolithic membrane sits ontop of the
macula
hair cells in the otolithic membrane synapse with neurons in the
vestibular branch of the 8th nerve
cupula
the big blue thing that leans as we move our head
cupula is located in the blank and attached to this nerve
ampula, ampullary nerve
utricle and sacule
contains macula, site of hair cells for static equilibrium
