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A & P > Special Sense > Flashcards

Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

where are the receptors for the sense of smell located

A

on the olfactory epithelium of the nose

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2
Q

first order neurons in smell

A

olfactory receptor cells.

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3
Q

sites of olfactory transduction

A

olfactory cilia

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4
Q

what is transduction

A

conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor

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5
Q

where is the olfactory epithelium located

A

supporting cells superior part of the nasal cavity

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6
Q

3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

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7
Q

olfactory info goes to which cranial nerve

A

cranial nerve 1

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8
Q

olfactory receptor cells regenerate from

A

basal cells

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9
Q

cranial nerve 1 is located in

A

termperal lobe

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10
Q

supporting cells (columnar epithelium) offer

A

physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cells

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11
Q

Basal stem cells

A

undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

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12
Q

olfactory glands (bowman’s glands)

A

produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

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13
Q

receptors in the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory CN1 nerve –>

A

through the cribriform plate –>synapse with the olfactory bulb–> impulse travel along the olfactory tract –>interpretation occurs in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex/temperal lobe

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14
Q

what occurs in the olfactory bulb

A

synapses

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15
Q

olfactory transduction

A

binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein —>action potential travels to the primary olfactory area (temporal lobe) —>impulse travels to the various parts of brain for odor indentification (limbic system)

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16
Q

5 primary tastes

A

sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami (meaty/savory)

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17
Q

where are taste buds located

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis

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18
Q

how many taste buds are there

A

10,000

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19
Q

3 type of epithelial cells on taste bud

A

supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal stem cells

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20
Q

taste buds are also located on elevations on the tongue called

A

papillae

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21
Q

4 types of papillae

A

vallate, fungiform, foliate, filiform

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22
Q

vallate papillae,

A

v shape in dorsal area, bitter taste

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23
Q

fungiform papillae

A

look like mushrooms, scattered over the tounge with about 5 taste buds in each

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24
Q

foliate papillae

A

lateral part of the tongue, degenerate in early childhood

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25
Q

filiform papillae

A

cover the entire surface of the tongue, touch receptors not taste, increase friction to make it easier to move food around

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26
Q

3 cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste

A

7, 9, 10

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27
Q

cranial 7 (facial nerve) and taste

A

carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue

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28
Q

cranial 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) and taste

A

carries taste info from the posterior 1/3 part of the tongue

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29
Q

vagus nerve (10) and taste

A

carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat

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30
Q

which sense doesn’t go through the thalmus to get to the cortex

A

olfaction- smell

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31
Q

pathway of gustation

A

tongue–>gustatory nucleus in the medulla–>thalmus –>cortex

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32
Q

how large is the visible light wavelength

A

400 to 700 nm

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33
Q

accessory structures of eye include

A

eyelids, eyelash, eyebrows, lactrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscle.

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34
Q

palpebral muscles

A

control eyelid movement

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35
Q

extrinsic eye muscles (6)

A

responsible for moving eyeball in al directions

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36
Q

conjuctiva

A

thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

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37
Q

tarsal plate

A

fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids. contains a row of sebaceous glands that keep eyelids from sticking together

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38
Q

pathway for tears

A

glands–>ducts–>canaliculi–>sac–nasolactrimal ducts –>nasal cavity

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39
Q

Cranial nerves involved in sight

A

3,4 and 6

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40
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles

A

superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

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41
Q

eye muscles help

A

tract moving objects

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42
Q

two types of tunis in the eye

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic

43
Q

fibrous tunics (2)

A

cornea and sclera

44
Q

vascular tunics (3)

A

choroid, ciliary body and iris

45
Q

which eye characteristics are responsible for stretching the retina in response to object position (near or far)

A

ciliary body (muscles and process) and zonular fibers

46
Q

the retinas reaction to light is controlled by

A

autonomic reflexes in response to light

47
Q

what controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes

A

the iris=circular muscles

48
Q

which autonomic nervous system dilates pupils

A

sympathetic

49
Q

what is the colored portion around the eye

A

iris

50
Q

the nerves of the retina go into which cranial nerve

A

cranial nerve 2

51
Q

the point at which the optic nerve exits the eye

A

optic disk/blind spot

52
Q

area of highest visual acuity

A

fovea centralis – the center of the center(macula lutea) of the retina

53
Q

photoreceptors of the retina

A

rods and cones

54
Q

rods

A

see dim light

55
Q

cones

A

produce color vision

56
Q

pathway of vision

A

rods/cones–>outer synpatic layer –>bipolar cells–>inner synpatic layer –>ganglion cells—> optic nerve 2

57
Q

what are the first sensors of the retina stimulated by light

A

rods and cones

58
Q

the iris devides the eye into

A

an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber

59
Q

the anterior and posterior chambers are filled with

A

aqueous humor (watery liquid)

60
Q

anterior chamber is located betwween

A

iris and cornea

61
Q

posterior/vitreous chamber is located

A

behind iris infront of lense

62
Q

pathway of light

A

cornea–>anterior chamber –>pupil –>posterior chamber –>lens –>viterous humor —projected onto the retina

63
Q

the vitreous chamber fluid and body

A

keep retina in proper shape and applies pressure

64
Q

normal vision of eye

A

emmetropic

65
Q

when viewing distance objects, the lens becomes

A

thinner

66
Q

when viewing objects upclose, the lens becomes

A

thicker

67
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness (see upload but distance is blurry)

68
Q

concave lense

A

fixes myopia

69
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness, eye ball is shorter than it should be

70
Q

convex lense

A

fixes hyperopia

71
Q

astigmatism

A

where eithe the cornea, lense or both has irregular curve

72
Q

photoreceptors in the cornea

A

rods and cones

73
Q

what do rods and cones do

A

convert light energy into neural impulses

74
Q

visual pathway in the brain

A

optic nerve 2->optic chiasm (criss cross)–>optic tract –>thalmus –>optic radiation —>visual region of the cortex

75
Q

ear is responsible for

A

hearing and equilibrium

76
Q

the ear is divided into 3 regions

A

external ear, middle ear, inner ear.

77
Q

the vestibul branch and cochlear branch connect to which cranial nerve

A

8

78
Q

external ear contains the

A

pinna(auricle), external auditory cancal and tympanic membrane

79
Q

tympanic membrane is also known as the

A

ear drum

80
Q

which part of the ear captures sound?

A

pinna/auricle

81
Q

which part of the ear transmits sound to the eardrum

A

external auditory canal

82
Q

which part of the ear secretes cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and ear

A

ceruminous glands

83
Q

middle ear contains 3 auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

84
Q

sound vibrations are transmitter from the BLANK to the BLANK

A

3 bones of the middle ear to the oval window

85
Q

what part of the ear extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx and regulates air pressure

A

the auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube and eustachian tube)

86
Q

the inner ear contains

A

the cochlea and semicircular canals

87
Q

what do the semi-circular canals do

A

work with the cerebellum for balnace and equillibrium

88
Q

what does the cochlea due

A

translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound

89
Q

vibration transmission

A

stapes –>oval window—>cochlea

90
Q

pressure waves are transmitter into the

A

perilymph of the scala vestibuli —>scala tympani—>round window

91
Q

where are the little hairs and receptor cells located

A

on the organ of corti

92
Q

the cochlear nerves form the BLANK of the Blank

A

cochlear branch of the vestibulococheart (8) nerve

93
Q

two forms of equilibrium

A

static and dynamic

94
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintenance of the body’s position relative to the force of gravity

95
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

maintanance of the bodys position in reponse to sudden movements

96
Q

vestibular aparatus

A

organs that maintain equilibrium

97
Q

vestibular apartus includes

A

sacccule, utricle and semicircular canals

98
Q

otiliths are

A

calcium carbonate crystals

99
Q

the otolithic membrane sits ontop of the

A

macula

100
Q

hair cells in the otolithic membrane synapse with neurons in the

A

vestibular branch of the 8th nerve

101
Q

cupula

A

the big blue thing that leans as we move our head

102
Q

cupula is located in the blank and attached to this nerve

A

ampula, ampullary nerve

103
Q

utricle and sacule

A

contains macula, site of hair cells for static equilibrium

A & P (12 decks)

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