Special Sense Flashcards by Porter Koury

where are the receptors for the sense of smell located

on the olfactory epithelium of the nose

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first order neurons in smell

olfactory receptor cells.

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sites of olfactory transduction

olfactory cilia

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what is transduction

conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor

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where is the olfactory epithelium located

supporting cells superior part of the nasal cavity

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3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

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olfactory info goes to which cranial nerve

cranial nerve 1

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olfactory receptor cells regenerate from

basal cells

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cranial nerve 1 is located in

termperal lobe

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supporting cells (columnar epithelium) offer

physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cells

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Basal stem cells

undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

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olfactory glands (bowman’s glands)

produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

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receptors in the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory CN1 nerve –>

through the cribriform plate –>synapse with the olfactory bulb–> impulse travel along the olfactory tract –>interpretation occurs in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex/temperal lobe

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what occurs in the olfactory bulb

synapses

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olfactory transduction

binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein —>action potential travels to the primary olfactory area (temporal lobe) —>impulse travels to the various parts of brain for odor indentification (limbic system)

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5 primary tastes

sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami (meaty/savory)

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where are taste buds located

tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis

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how many taste buds are there

10,000

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3 type of epithelial cells on taste bud

supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal stem cells

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taste buds are also located on elevations on the tongue called

papillae

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4 types of papillae

vallate, fungiform, foliate, filiform

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vallate papillae,

v shape in dorsal area, bitter taste

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fungiform papillae

look like mushrooms, scattered over the tounge with about 5 taste buds in each

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foliate papillae

lateral part of the tongue, degenerate in early childhood

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filiform papillae

cover the entire surface of the tongue, touch receptors not taste, increase friction to make it easier to move food around

3 cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste

7, 9, 10

cranial 7 (facial nerve) and taste

carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue

cranial 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) and taste

carries taste info from the posterior 1/3 part of the tongue

vagus nerve (10) and taste

carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat

which sense doesn't go through the thalmus to get to the cortex

olfaction- smell

pathway of gustation

tongue-->gustatory nucleus in the medulla-->thalmus -->cortex

how large is the visible light wavelength

400 to 700 nm

accessory structures of eye include

eyelids, eyelash, eyebrows, lactrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscle.

palpebral muscles

control eyelid movement

extrinsic eye muscles (6)

responsible for moving eyeball in al directions

conjuctiva

thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

tarsal plate

fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids. contains a row of sebaceous glands that keep eyelids from sticking together

pathway for tears

glands-->ducts-->canaliculi-->sac--nasolactrimal ducts -->nasal cavity

Cranial nerves involved in sight

3,4 and 6

six extrinsic eye muscles

superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

eye muscles help

tract moving objects

two types of tunis in the eye

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic

fibrous tunics (2)

cornea and sclera

vascular tunics (3)

choroid, ciliary body and iris

which eye characteristics are responsible for stretching the retina in response to object position (near or far)

ciliary body (muscles and process) and zonular fibers

the retinas reaction to light is controlled by

autonomic reflexes in response to light

what controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes

the iris=circular muscles

which autonomic nervous system dilates pupils

sympathetic

what is the colored portion around the eye

iris

the nerves of the retina go into which cranial nerve

cranial nerve 2

the point at which the optic nerve exits the eye

optic disk/blind spot

area of highest visual acuity

fovea centralis -- the center of the center(macula lutea) of the retina

photoreceptors of the retina

rods and cones

rods

see dim light

cones

produce color vision

pathway of vision

rods/cones-->outer synpatic layer -->bipolar cells-->inner synpatic layer -->ganglion cells---> optic nerve 2

what are the first sensors of the retina stimulated by light

rods and cones

the iris devides the eye into

an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber

the anterior and posterior chambers are filled with

aqueous humor (watery liquid)

anterior chamber is located betwween

iris and cornea

posterior/vitreous chamber is located

behind iris infront of lense

pathway of light

cornea-->anterior chamber -->pupil -->posterior chamber -->lens -->viterous humor ---projected onto the retina

the vitreous chamber fluid and body

keep retina in proper shape and applies pressure

normal vision of eye

emmetropic

when viewing distance objects, the lens becomes

thinner

when viewing objects upclose, the lens becomes

thicker

myopia

nearsightedness (see upload but distance is blurry)

concave lense

fixes myopia

hyperopia

farsightedness, eye ball is shorter than it should be

convex lense

fixes hyperopia

astigmatism

where eithe the cornea, lense or both has irregular curve

photoreceptors in the cornea

rods and cones

what do rods and cones do

convert light energy into neural impulses

visual pathway in the brain

optic nerve 2->optic chiasm (criss cross)-->optic tract -->thalmus -->optic radiation --->visual region of the cortex

ear is responsible for

hearing and equilibrium

the ear is divided into 3 regions

external ear, middle ear, inner ear.

the vestibul branch and cochlear branch connect to which cranial nerve

external ear contains the

pinna(auricle), external auditory cancal and tympanic membrane

tympanic membrane is also known as the

ear drum

which part of the ear captures sound?

pinna/auricle

which part of the ear transmits sound to the eardrum

external auditory canal

which part of the ear secretes cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and ear

ceruminous glands

middle ear contains 3 auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes

sound vibrations are transmitter from the BLANK to the BLANK

3 bones of the middle ear to the oval window

what part of the ear extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx and regulates air pressure

the auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube and eustachian tube)

the inner ear contains

the cochlea and semicircular canals

what do the semi-circular canals do

work with the cerebellum for balnace and equillibrium

what does the cochlea due

translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound

vibration transmission

stapes -->oval window--->cochlea

pressure waves are transmitter into the

perilymph of the scala vestibuli --->scala tympani--->round window

where are the little hairs and receptor cells located

on the organ of corti

the cochlear nerves form the BLANK of the Blank

cochlear branch of the vestibulococheart (8) nerve

two forms of equilibrium

static and dynamic

static equilibrium

maintenance of the body's position relative to the force of gravity

dynamic equilibrium

maintanance of the bodys position in reponse to sudden movements

vestibular aparatus

organs that maintain equilibrium

vestibular apartus includes

sacccule, utricle and semicircular canals

otiliths are

calcium carbonate crystals

the otolithic membrane sits ontop of the

macula

hair cells in the otolithic membrane synapse with neurons in the

vestibular branch of the 8th nerve

cupula

the big blue thing that leans as we move our head

cupula is located in the blank and attached to this nerve

ampula, ampullary nerve

utricle and sacule

contains macula, site of hair cells for static equilibrium