Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
1
Q
What are vitamins?
A
Organic compounds that are required in the diet for normal function.
2
Q
Can vitamins be synthesized?
A
No, they must be found in the diet.
3
Q
What are minerals?
A
inorganic nutrients,
4
Q
What are the macro nutrients?
A
Mg Ca Na K P
5
Q
What are the micro nutrients?
A
Mn Fe Cu Zn Ni
6
Q
is activating a vitamin the same as synthesis?
A
No, making active form from precursor is not synthesis
7
Q
What are vitamins and minerals not used for?
A
to generate metabolic energy
8
Q
What serves primarily as precursors of coenzymes?
A
vitamins
9
Q
What serves primarily as cofactors of enzymes?
A
minerals
10
Q
What vitamin is partially supplied by our intestinal flora?
A
K,
Biotin
11
Q
What are the water soluble vitamins? 9
A
thiamine riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid biotin pyridoxine folate vit C B-12
12
Q
what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
A
A
D
E
K
13
Q
What can deficiency result from? 7
A
- inadequate: intake, absorption, usage
- increased: requirements, excretion
- loss of microbial synthesis
- drug inducible loss
14
Q
What could cause inadequate absorbtion?
A
biliary obstructions
pernicious anemia
15
Q
what could cause increased requirements?
A
pregnancy,(folic acid) wound healing (zn)
16
Q
what would cause increased excreation?
A
kidney failure/damage
17
Q
what could ruin microbial synthesis?
A
antibiotics - kill flora that makes K
18
Q
what would cause drug inducible loss?
A
Dilantin
penicillin
chelation
isoniiadid - b-6
19
Q
What is thiamine required for?
A
carbonyl transfer
20
Q
what is active form of thiamine?
A
thiamine pyrophosphate - its phosphorylated
21
Q
where is thiamine stored?
A
liver
22
Q
how long do thiamine liver stores last?
A
2 weeks
23
Q
what enzymes require thiamine? 4
A
- pyruvate dehydrogenase
- a-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (Krebs)
- branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase
- transketolase - (pentose)
24
Q
what thiamine deficiency do alcoholics present with?
A
wernike-korsakoff syndrome - uncoordinated movements
25
What would cause Wernike -korsakoff syndrome?
not enough thiamine for transketolase enzyme.
26
what is riboflavin required for?
synthesis of:
FAD
FMN -flavin mononucleotide
27
is any riboflavin from intestinal microorganisms?
Limited
28
where is FMN formed?
intestinal mucosa
29
Where is FAD formed?
Liver
30
What is riboflavin the coenzyme for?
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
31
what breaks down riboflavin
exposure to light
32
What may happen to infant under light therapy for jaundice?
Riboflavin deficiency, - blue light will break down riboflavin
33
what metabolic processes require riboflavin derivatives?
ETC - Complex II
- Krebs - a keto glutarate
succinate , fumarate
34
What is niacin a precursor of?
NAD+
| NADP+
35
what two structurs of niacin may be used?
- nicotinic acid
| - nicotinamide
36
what amino acid can be converted into niacin?
tryptophan - 10% of our needs
37
what are NAD+ and NADP+ for?
Co enzymes in redox reactions.
38
How many steps in conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to CO2 require NAD+
about 3
39
What are the 4 D/s of niacin deficiency?
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
- dementia
- death
40
What is niacin deficiency called?
pellagra
41
Why does adding ash prevent pellagra?
alkalized the corn and breaks up the formation that niacin was stuck in making it available for absorption.
42
What is a constituent of coenzyme A?
pantothenic acid
43
do intestinal bacteria make pantothenic acid? (B5)
some
44
Which metabolic processes use coenzyme A?
?
45
What is a pantothenic acid derivative?
CoA -Sh
| Pantothenic acid is used to make Coenzyme A.
46
What is pyridoxal phosphate a key player in? (B6)
amino acid metabolism
47
what is the active form of B6;
PLP - pyridoxal phosphate
48
what is the breakdown product of PLP, pyridoxal phosphate?
pyridoxid acid - formed in liver
49
where is pyridoxal phosphate absorbed?
- GI tract
- Liver
- Brain
- Kidenys - convert to phosphate
50
What do kidneys do to pyridoxal phosphate?
convert it to phosphate/
51
What is PLP, pyridoxal phosphate a coenzyme for?
enzymes that use amino acids as substrates.
52
what reactions use amino acids as substrates?
transaminations
decarboxylations
deaminations
racemizations
53
What is PLP, pyridoxal phosphate, B6, a coenzyme for?
glycogen phosphorylase.
54
What is B6 deficiency associated with?
Microsidic anemia - tiny RBC, not able to make enough hemoglobine
55
what is microsidic anemia conditions similar to?
iron deficiency.
56
What is biotin a coenzyme for?
carboxylation reactions, adding a carbon,
57
How is biotin attached to enzymes?
covalently as prosthetic group
58
why is propionic academia seen in biotin deficiency?
used in oxidation of odd chain fatty acids.
59
raw eggs white has and affinity for what?
the avidin has affinity for biotin.
60
What do folic acid derivatives do?
facilitate one-carbon transfers
61
what are the three parts of folate?
- pteridine ring
-glutamate
p aminobenzoate
62
how are folates easily destroyed?
by cooking
63
how does folate exhist in food?
polyglutimate - 5-8
64
How does folate exist in cells?
polyglutimate form
65
how is folate absorbed?
mono-glutamate form
66
what enzyme adds and removes glutamates?
conjugases
67
how long can body store folate?
4-6 months
68
what type of 1 carbon carrying does folate not do?
it doesn't use carbon dioxide.
69
What causes megaloblastic anemia?
folate deficientcy
70
what causes pernicious anemia?
B12 malabsorbtions
71
B12, bolbalmin, corrinods have what at the x to be active?
- deoxyadenysal - to process FFA
| - CH3, methy for methy cycle
72
what is the metal that makes B12 active?
Cobolt only, when its traded out for other metals it is inactive.
73
B12 diffency causes what?
- neurological issues
| - reduced metnylation of myelin basic proteins
74
Where is B12 absorbed?
along ilium with intrinsic factor that is secreted from gastric mucosa (stomach)
75
when would you not need intrinsic factor? B12
if does is high enough b12 can passively diffuse into system.
76
where is active form of b12 formed?
- liver
- bone marrow
- reticulocytes
77
is B12 destroyed?
no really, some is lost in bile
78
what two reactions require B12?
- use of propionyl CoA
| - methylation of homocysteine to methionine
79
what causes pernicious anemia?
absence of intrinsic factor
80
how is b12 made?
by bacteria, but not our bacteria
81
where is b12 stored?
liver, for 3-5 years
82
what is Vit C for?
- reducing agent
| - scavenger of free radicals
83
active form of vit C?
ascorbic acid
84
how is Vit C used in collagen production?
-required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in biosynthesis of collagen
85
what neurotransmitters require Vit C?
- norepinephrine
| - epinephrine
86
what does Cit C help absorb?
Iron
87
what helps convert cholesterol to bile acids?
Vit C.
88
What are the 3 active forms of Vit A?
- retinal
- retinol
- retinolic acid
89
where is Vit A stored?
90% is in the liver
90
Where are carotenoids converted to retinol?
intestinal cells
91
what are the storage form of Vit A?
retinol esters with fatty acids
92
what is principal role of Vit A?
absorption of light in visual system
93
what does retinoic acid act like?
lipid soluble hormone
94
What is vit D?
prohormone
95
Vit D3 is called?
cholecalciferol
96
what forms D3?
ultraviolet light on 7 dehydrocholesterol.
97
where is cholecalcerferol hydroxylated?
in the liver to 25 OH cholecalciferol
98
where is 25 OH cohlecalciferol hydroxylated
in the kidney to become active form of vit D
99
what is active form vit D
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, calcitriol
100
what is calcitriol for?
regulator of calcium metabolism
101
how does Vit D get into cells?
diffuse through plasma membranes
102
what is required to absorb vit D in GI tract?
bile
103
Vitamin E
prevents free radical formation in polyunsaturated fatty acids
104
what is required for vit E absorbtion?
bile
105
Vitamin K is required for what?
synthesis of blood clotting factors
106
what are the 2 forms of K?
K1 - unsaturated tail
| K2 - saturated tails
107
what are the bacterial form of vitamin K?
```
menaquinones - # = isoprene
MK 4
MK 7
MK 9
MK 13
```
108
what is required for K absorbtion
bile
109
K is cofactor in what?
carboxylation of blood clotting factors
110
what is the 2 most abundant protein in bone?
osteocalcin
