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biochemistry > Vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds that are required in the diet for normal function.

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2
Q

Can vitamins be synthesized?

A

No, they must be found in the diet.

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3
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic nutrients,

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4
Q

What are the macro nutrients?

A 
Mg
Ca
Na
K
P
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5
Q

What are the micro nutrients?

A 
Mn
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ni
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6
Q

is activating a vitamin the same as synthesis?

A

No, making active form from precursor is not synthesis

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7
Q

What are vitamins and minerals not used for?

A

to generate metabolic energy

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8
Q

What serves primarily as precursors of coenzymes?

A

vitamins

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9
Q

What serves primarily as cofactors of enzymes?

A

minerals

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10
Q

What vitamin is partially supplied by our intestinal flora?

A

K,

Biotin

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11
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins? 9

A 
thiamine
riboflavin
niacin
pantothenic acid
biotin
pyridoxine
folate
vit C
B-12
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12
Q

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

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13
Q

What can deficiency result from? 7

A
  • inadequate: intake, absorption, usage
  • increased: requirements, excretion
  • loss of microbial synthesis
  • drug inducible loss
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14
Q

What could cause inadequate absorbtion?

A

biliary obstructions

pernicious anemia

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15
Q

what could cause increased requirements?

A 
pregnancy,(folic acid)
wound healing (zn)
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16
Q

what would cause increased excreation?

A

kidney failure/damage

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17
Q

what could ruin microbial synthesis?

A

antibiotics - kill flora that makes K

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18
Q

what would cause drug inducible loss?

A

Dilantin
penicillin
chelation
isoniiadid - b-6

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19
Q

What is thiamine required for?

A

carbonyl transfer

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20
Q

what is active form of thiamine?

A

thiamine pyrophosphate - its phosphorylated

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21
Q

where is thiamine stored?

A

liver

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22
Q

how long do thiamine liver stores last?

A

2 weeks

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23
Q

what enzymes require thiamine? 4

A
  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • a-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (Krebs)
  • branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase
  • transketolase - (pentose)
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24
Q

what thiamine deficiency do alcoholics present with?

A

wernike-korsakoff syndrome - uncoordinated movements

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25
Q

What would cause Wernike -korsakoff syndrome?

A

not enough thiamine for transketolase enzyme.

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26
Q

what is riboflavin required for?

A

synthesis of:
FAD
FMN -flavin mononucleotide

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27
Q

is any riboflavin from intestinal microorganisms?

A

Limited

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28
Q

where is FMN formed?

A

intestinal mucosa

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29
Q

Where is FAD formed?

A

Liver

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30
Q

What is riboflavin the coenzyme for?

A

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

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31
Q

what breaks down riboflavin

A

exposure to light

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32
Q

What may happen to infant under light therapy for jaundice?

A

Riboflavin deficiency, - blue light will break down riboflavin

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33
Q

what metabolic processes require riboflavin derivatives?

A

ETC - Complex II
- Krebs - a keto glutarate
succinate , fumarate

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34
Q

What is niacin a precursor of?

A

NAD+

NADP+

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35
Q

what two structurs of niacin may be used?

A
  • nicotinic acid

- nicotinamide

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36
Q

what amino acid can be converted into niacin?

A

tryptophan - 10% of our needs

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37
Q

what are NAD+ and NADP+ for?

A

Co enzymes in redox reactions.

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38
Q

How many steps in conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to CO2 require NAD+

A

about 3

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39
Q

What are the 4 D/s of niacin deficiency?

A
  • dermatitis
  • diarrhea
  • dementia
  • death
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40
Q

What is niacin deficiency called?

A

pellagra

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41
Q

Why does adding ash prevent pellagra?

A

alkalized the corn and breaks up the formation that niacin was stuck in making it available for absorption.

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42
Q

What is a constituent of coenzyme A?

A

pantothenic acid

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43
Q

do intestinal bacteria make pantothenic acid? (B5)

A

some

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44
Q

Which metabolic processes use coenzyme A?

A

?

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45
Q

What is a pantothenic acid derivative?

A

CoA -Sh

Pantothenic acid is used to make Coenzyme A.

46
Q

What is pyridoxal phosphate a key player in? (B6)

A

amino acid metabolism

47
Q

what is the active form of B6;

A

PLP - pyridoxal phosphate

48
Q

what is the breakdown product of PLP, pyridoxal phosphate?

A

pyridoxid acid - formed in liver

49
Q

where is pyridoxal phosphate absorbed?

A
  • GI tract
  • Liver
  • Brain
  • Kidenys - convert to phosphate
50
Q

What do kidneys do to pyridoxal phosphate?

A

convert it to phosphate/

51
Q

What is PLP, pyridoxal phosphate a coenzyme for?

A

enzymes that use amino acids as substrates.

52
Q

what reactions use amino acids as substrates?

A

transaminations
decarboxylations
deaminations
racemizations

53
Q

What is PLP, pyridoxal phosphate, B6, a coenzyme for?

A

glycogen phosphorylase.

54
Q

What is B6 deficiency associated with?

A

Microsidic anemia - tiny RBC, not able to make enough hemoglobine

55
Q

what is microsidic anemia conditions similar to?

A

iron deficiency.

56
Q

What is biotin a coenzyme for?

A

carboxylation reactions, adding a carbon,

57
Q

How is biotin attached to enzymes?

A

covalently as prosthetic group

58
Q

why is propionic academia seen in biotin deficiency?

A

used in oxidation of odd chain fatty acids.

59
Q

raw eggs white has and affinity for what?

A

the avidin has affinity for biotin.

60
Q

What do folic acid derivatives do?

A

facilitate one-carbon transfers

61
Q

what are the three parts of folate?

A
  • pteridine ring
    -glutamate
    p aminobenzoate
62
Q

how are folates easily destroyed?

A

by cooking

63
Q

how does folate exhist in food?

A

polyglutimate - 5-8

64
Q

How does folate exist in cells?

A

polyglutimate form

65
Q

how is folate absorbed?

A

mono-glutamate form

66
Q

what enzyme adds and removes glutamates?

A

conjugases

67
Q

how long can body store folate?

A

4-6 months

68
Q

what type of 1 carbon carrying does folate not do?

A

it doesn’t use carbon dioxide.

69
Q

What causes megaloblastic anemia?

A

folate deficientcy

70
Q

what causes pernicious anemia?

A

B12 malabsorbtions

71
Q

B12, bolbalmin, corrinods have what at the x to be active?

A
  • deoxyadenysal - to process FFA

- CH3, methy for methy cycle

72
Q

what is the metal that makes B12 active?

A

Cobolt only, when its traded out for other metals it is inactive.

73
Q

B12 diffency causes what?

A
  • neurological issues

- reduced metnylation of myelin basic proteins

74
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

along ilium with intrinsic factor that is secreted from gastric mucosa (stomach)

75
Q

when would you not need intrinsic factor? B12

A

if does is high enough b12 can passively diffuse into system.

76
Q

where is active form of b12 formed?

A
  • liver
  • bone marrow
  • reticulocytes
77
Q

is B12 destroyed?

A

no really, some is lost in bile

78
Q

what two reactions require B12?

A
  • use of propionyl CoA

- methylation of homocysteine to methionine

79
Q

what causes pernicious anemia?

A

absence of intrinsic factor

80
Q

how is b12 made?

A

by bacteria, but not our bacteria

81
Q

where is b12 stored?

A

liver, for 3-5 years

82
Q

what is Vit C for?

A
  • reducing agent

- scavenger of free radicals

83
Q

active form of vit C?

A

ascorbic acid

84
Q

how is Vit C used in collagen production?

A

-required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in biosynthesis of collagen

85
Q

what neurotransmitters require Vit C?

A
  • norepinephrine

- epinephrine

86
Q

what does Cit C help absorb?

A

Iron

87
Q

what helps convert cholesterol to bile acids?

A

Vit C.

88
Q

What are the 3 active forms of Vit A?

A
  • retinal
  • retinol
  • retinolic acid
89
Q

where is Vit A stored?

A

90% is in the liver

90
Q

Where are carotenoids converted to retinol?

A

intestinal cells

91
Q

what are the storage form of Vit A?

A

retinol esters with fatty acids

92
Q

what is principal role of Vit A?

A

absorption of light in visual system

93
Q

what does retinoic acid act like?

A

lipid soluble hormone

94
Q

What is vit D?

A

prohormone

95
Q

Vit D3 is called?

A

cholecalciferol

96
Q

what forms D3?

A

ultraviolet light on 7 dehydrocholesterol.

97
Q

where is cholecalcerferol hydroxylated?

A

in the liver to 25 OH cholecalciferol

98
Q

where is 25 OH cohlecalciferol hydroxylated

A

in the kidney to become active form of vit D

99
Q

what is active form vit D

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, calcitriol

100
Q

what is calcitriol for?

A

regulator of calcium metabolism

101
Q

how does Vit D get into cells?

A

diffuse through plasma membranes

102
Q

what is required to absorb vit D in GI tract?

A

bile

103
Q

Vitamin E

A

prevents free radical formation in polyunsaturated fatty acids

104
Q

what is required for vit E absorbtion?

A

bile

105
Q

Vitamin K is required for what?

A

synthesis of blood clotting factors

106
Q

what are the 2 forms of K?

A

K1 - unsaturated tail

K2 - saturated tails

107
Q

what are the bacterial form of vitamin K?

A 
menaquinones - # = isoprene 
MK 4
MK 7
MK 9
MK 13
108
Q

what is required for K absorbtion

A

bile

109
Q

K is cofactor in what?

A

carboxylation of blood clotting factors

110
Q

what is the 2 most abundant protein in bone?

A

osteocalcin

biochemistry (13 decks)

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