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biochemistry > amino acids > Flashcards

amino acids Flashcards

To remember which amino acids enter metabolism where

1
Q

Which amino acid is wholly incorporated into purines?

A

glycine

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2
Q

which aa is major precursor for gluconeogenesis

A

alanine

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3
Q

which one aa is the major donor of 1-carbons to tetrahydrofolate?
what are the 3 others?

A

serine, then histidine, glysine tryptophan

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4
Q

which 3 aa are components of glutathione?

A

cysteine
glycine
glutamate

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5
Q

which 3 aa are branched chain?

A

valine
leucine
isoleucine

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6
Q

what is the aa that is synthesized in a B 12 mediated reaction?

A

methionine

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7
Q

which aa is the major fuel of enterocytes?

A

glutamine

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8
Q

which aa ae nitrogen carriers in circulation? 2

A

glutamine

alanine

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9
Q

which 2 aa residues are hydroxylated in a vitamin C mediated process?

A

proline

lysine

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10
Q

which aa is the precursor of serotinin

A

tryptophan

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11
Q

which aa is a precursor of melanins

A

tyrosine

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12
Q

which aa is the precursor of catecholamines

A

tyrosine

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13
Q

which aa is a nitrogen donor to the urea cycle

A

aspartate (N2)

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14
Q

which aa is wholly incorporated into pyramidines?

A

aspartate - decarboxylated

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15
Q

which 3 aa’s are nitrogen donors in purine synth?

A

glycine
aspartate
glutamine

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16
Q

which 2 aa are nitrogen donors in pyrimidine synth?

A

aspartate

glutamine

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17
Q

catabolism of what 2 amino acids are impaired in PKU, phenylketonuria?

A

phenylalanine

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18
Q

which aa are the precursors of carnitine? 2

A

lysine

methionine

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19
Q

which aa is a nitrogen donor in both purine and pyrimidine synth? 2

A

glutamine

aspartate

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20
Q

which amino acid is a precursor for niacin

A

tryptophan

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21
Q

which aa are the most important for buffering at physiological pH? 2

A

histidine

cysteine

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22
Q

which aa is a product of the urea cycle?

A

arginine

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23
Q

which aa’s can be deaminated? 4

A

glutamine
glutamate
serine
threonine

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24
Q

which 2 aa’s are purely ketogenic?

A

leucine

lycine

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25
Q

Which aa provides NH3 to buffer H+ in the kidneys?

A

Glutamine

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26
Q

which AA residues are targeted in vit K-mediated gamma carboxylation reactions in the liver and bone?

A

glutamate - gets extra carboxylate

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27
Q

which aa is a component of SAM

A

methionine

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28
Q

What do transaminated aa’s become?

A

alpha-keto acids

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29
Q

what are the aromatic aa’s 3?

A

tryptophan
tyrosine
phenylalanine

30
Q

aromatic aa are what?

A

ketogenic

glucogenic

31
Q

aa are the positive regulatiors of what release?

A

glucagon

insulin

32
Q

what are the essential amino acids 9

A 
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
A
Lysine
Leucine
33
Q

Which aa is a key fuel for immune system cells

A

glutamine

34
Q

what is incorporated into urea that is made by bacteria

A

ammonia

35
Q

which aa is part of the structure of tetrahydrofolate

A

glutamate

36
Q

which aa is used in the conjunction of bile acids?

2

A

glycine

taurine

37
Q

which aa are used in phase two reactions

A

taurine

glycine

38
Q

which aa can be converted into propionyl CoA?

4

A

valine
isoleucine
methionine
threonine

39
Q

Which aa is incorporated into HEME

A

Glycine

glycine + succinyl CoA = heme

40
Q

What aa can be transaminated with pyruvate in skeletal muscles? 3

A

Branched chain aa
valine
leucine
isoleucine

41
Q

which aa is converted to toxic phenylketones with and enzyme defect?

A

phenylalanine

42
Q

what enzyme assists in the complete oxidation of some amino acid carbones in muscle and gut?

A

malic enzyme

43
Q

what enzyme is used in the citrate shuttle in FA synthelis?

A

malic enzyme

44
Q

what is the vitamin most closely connected to amino group metabolism?

A

Vit B-6

pyrodoxyi phosphate

45
Q

residues of what amino acid are linked to biotin?

A

lysine

46
Q

Which amino acid residue is extensively used in metallothioneins?

A

cysteine

storate proteins for Zn++ and Cu++

47
Q

which aa can be depleted in heavy metal toxicity?

A

cysteine, because it binds metals

48
Q

which aa can be converted to a neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

49
Q

major source of aa produced in the degration of RBCs?

A

hemoglobin

50
Q

the catabolism of what aa is defective in maple syrup disease?

A

BCAA
leucine
isoleucine
valine

51
Q

what is ornithine?

A

its an amino acid, its just not one of the 20 used to make proteins

52
Q

biosynthesis of amino acids requires a carbon skeleton and a source of what?

A

nitrogens

53
Q

Which amino acids are spared by the liver following absorption from the diet?

A

BCAA, they pass through the liver w/o being absorbed

54
Q

Degredation of what aa in skeletal muscles requires the use of 5 Coenzymes before intermediates enter the Krebs cycle?

A

BCAA
leucine
isoleucine
valine

55
Q

what are the 5 coenzymes used to degrade branched chained aa?

A 
thiamine
NAD
FAD
lipoic acid
CoA
56
Q

which amino acid is used to construct the ring found in CoQ?

A

tyrosine

phenylalanine

57
Q

Glycine is an amino acid used for what?

What 5 places

A
  • wholly incorporated into purines
  • component of glutathione
  • nitrogen donor in purine synthesis
  • conjugate bile acids
  • phase II reactions
  • 1 carbon donor for tetrahydrofolate
58
Q

Where is alanine used?

2

A
  • precursor for gluconeogenesis

- makes up 25% of the amino acids leaving skeletal muscles during fastine (alanine + glutamine = 50%)

59
Q

Where is serine used?

1

A
  • MAJOR donor of 1 carbons to tetrahydrofolate
60
Q

Where is histidine used

3

A
  • donor of 1 carbone to tetrahydrofolate
  • buffering at physiological pH
  • essential amino acid
61
Q

Where is tryptophan used?

6

A
  • 1 carbon donor for tetrahydrofolate
  • precursor to serotonin
  • essential amino acid
  • precursor for niacin
  • ketogenic
  • glucogenic
62
Q

Where is cysteine used?

A
  • component of glutathione
  • buffering at physiological pH
  • can be synthesized from homocysteine
  • used in metallothioneins - metal storage proteins
  • depleated in heavy metal toxicity
63
Q

Where is isoleucine used?

A
  • BCAA
  • converted to propionyl CoA
  • Transaminated with pyruvated in skeletal muscle
  • defective catabolism = maple syrup disease
64
Q

Where is glutamate used?

A
  • component of glutathione
  • can be deaminated
  • targeted in vit K-mediated Gamma carboxylation in liver and bone
  • part of tetrahydrofolate structure
  • can be converted to GABA, neurotransmitter
65
Q

Where is glutamine used?

A
  • Major fuel for enterocyte
  • Nitrogen carrier in circulation
  • nitrogen donor, pyramidine synthesis
  • Provide NH3 to buffer H+ in kidneys
  • key fuel for immune cells
  • ## one of the 2 aa that make up 50% of aa leaving skeletal muscles during fasting
66
Q

Valine

A
  • BCAA
  • converted to propionyl Coa
  • transaminated with pyruvate in skeletal muscle
  • defective catabolism = maple syrup disease
67
Q

Leucine

A
  • BCAA
  • Purely ketogenic
  • transaminated with pyruvate in skeletal muscle
  • defective catabolism = maple syrup diesase
68
Q

Isoleucine

A
  • BCAA
  • can be converted to propionyl CoA
  • transaminated with pyruvate in skeletal muscle
  • defective catabolism = maple syrup diesase
69
Q

methionine

A
  • synthesized in B12 mediated reaction
  • precursors of carnitine
  • component of SAM
  • synthesized from homocysteine
  • can be converted to propionyl CoA
70
Q

Proline

A
  • hydroxylated in a Vitamin C- mediated process

biochemistry (13 decks)

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