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NURS 3150 (patho) > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

name the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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2
Q

where are fat-soluble vitamins stored

A

liver and fatty tissues

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3
Q

deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins occur only after what

A

prolonged deficient intake disease

(toxicities can occur)

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4
Q

name the water-soluble vitamins

A

B-complex (B1,2,3,5,6,9,12) vitamin and vitamin C

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5
Q

can water-soluble vitamins be stored in the body

A

not in large amounts, easily excreted in the urine

  • daily intake is required to prevent deficiencies
  • toxicities are rare
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6
Q

name two examples of vitamin A

A

retinol, retinyl

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7
Q

name some sources of vitamin A

A

liver, fish, dairy, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange vegetables and fruits

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8
Q

name some functions of vitamin A

A
  • growth and development of bones and teeth
  • essential for night and normal vision (rhodopsin)

(reproduction, skin integrity and health)

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9
Q

name some examples of vitamin D

A
  • animal/plant sources: saltwater fish, milk, orange juice, cereals, dairy products
  • sunlight (skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight)
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10
Q

name an indication for vitamin D

A

treatment and correction of conditions related to long-term deficiency: riskets, tetany, osteomalacia

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11
Q

s/s of vitamin D toxicity

A
  • hypertension, weakness, fatigue, headache
  • anorexia, dry mouth
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12
Q

what can vitamin D toxicity progress into if left untreated

A

impairment of renal function and osteoporosis

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13
Q

function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant

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14
Q

indications for vitamin E

A

treatment of deficiencies, especially in premature infants

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15
Q

what can toxicity of vitamin E cause

A

hemolysis of red blood cells

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16
Q

name some sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), cheese, soybean oils

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17
Q

function of vitamin K

A

essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver (clotting)

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18
Q

name two indications for vitamin K

A
  • give prophylactically to newborn infants for clotting (immature liver)
  • antidote to warfarin (anticoagulant)
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19
Q

how long will a patient be unresponsive to warfarin for after vitamin K administration

A

about 1 week

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20
Q

sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast

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21
Q

name some causes of vitamin B1 deficiency

A
  • poor diet, infection, hyperthyroidism
  • liver disease, alcoholism, poor absorption
  • pregnancy and breastfeeding
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22
Q

function of vitamin B1

A

maintain integrity of peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, GI tract

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23
Q

name an indication for vitamin B1

A
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy (“cerebral beriberi”)
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24
Q

what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy (“cerebral beriberi”)

A

brain lesions common with malnutrition and chronic alcoholism

25
Q

what is the most common cause for vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiencies

A

alcoholism

26
Q

function of vitamin B2

A

maintains erythrocyte integrity, respiratory health, and tissue integrity

27
Q

function of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

lipid, protein, purine metabolism

28
Q

what are the s/s of pellagra (niacin deficiency)

A

4 D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

29
Q

name a contraindication for vitamin B3

A

liver disease

(hypotension, hemorrhage, peptic ulcer disease)

30
Q

function of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

maintains integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes, bone marrow

31
Q

s/s of vitamin B6 deficiency

A

anemia, neurologic issues, seborrheic dermatitis, stomatitis, chapped lips

32
Q

function of vitamin B12

A

required for many metabolic pathways (blood, energy, protein synthesis, myelin synthesis)

33
Q

what is a deficiency of vitamin B12 called

A

pernicious anemia

34
Q

s/s of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

neurologic damage and anemia

35
Q

name some sources of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

A

citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, green peppers, liver

36
Q

name five functions of vitamin C

A
  • maintenance and repair of connective tissues
  • maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries
  • erythropoiesis (making red blood cells)
  • enhances absorption of iron
  • improves immune system
37
Q

what is a deficiency of vitamin c called

A

scurvy

38
Q

name s/s of vitamin c deficiency

A

gingivitis and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, ruptured capillaries/hemorrhage

39
Q

indication of vitamin c

A

prevention of scurvy; may improve immunity

40
Q

what can megadoses of vitamin c cause

A
  • n/v, headache, abdominal cramps
  • acidic urine and kidney stone formation
41
Q

what can discontinuing megadoses of vitamin c result in

A

scurvy-like symptoms

42
Q

what does calcium need for proper absorption

A

vitamin D

43
Q

where is the highest concentration of calcium

A

in the bones and teeth

44
Q

name the functions of calcium

A

bones and teeth, clotting, hormone secretion, cell receptors, and muscle contractions

45
Q

name some sources of calcium

A

milk, dairy, fortified cereals, calcium-fortified orange juice, salmon

46
Q

name some causes of a calcium deficiency

A

inadequate intake/absorption of calcium or vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism

47
Q

manifestations of hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)

A

Increased neuromuscular excitability and muscle spasms (i.e., tetany)

(Chvostek and Trousseau signs, larygeal spasms, and convulsions)

48
Q

symptoms of calcium toxicity (hypercalcemia)

A

anorexia, N/V, constipation, cardiac irregularities, coma

49
Q

causes of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer, excess vitamin D, acidosis, immobility

50
Q

name some manifestations of hypercalcemia

A
  • Decreased neuromuscular excitability, loss of muscle tone, personality changes, weakness
  • Increased strength of cardiac contractions and dysrhythmias
  • Kidney stones, constipation, heart block
51
Q

function of magnesium

A

cellular reactions, protein synthesis, nucleic acid stability, neuromuscular excitability

52
Q

s/s of magnesium toxicities

A

loss of deep tendon reflexes, CNS depression, respiratory distress, heart block, hypothermia

(bradycardia, weakness, hypotension, respiratory depression)

53
Q

treatment of hypermagnesemia

A

avoid magnesium, dialysis

54
Q

name some causes of hypermagnesemia

A

renal failure, excessive intake

(Often linked with hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia)

55
Q

causes of magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia)

A

Poor intake, alcoholism, diuretics and proton pump inhibitors, hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis

56
Q

function of phosphorus

A

high-energy bonds in ATP needed for energy, cell membranes, clotting, pH balance

(necessary for producing ATP, clotting, bone/teeth health)

57
Q

causes of phosphorus deficiency

A
  • Extensive diarrhea or vomiting, hyperthyroidism, liver failure
  • Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids
58
Q

s/s of phosphorus toxicity

A

N/V/D, confusion, weakness/shortness of breath

59
Q

function of zinc

A

important for normal tissue growth and repair, wound repair, and immune system

NURS 3150 (patho) (13 decks)

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