Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

name the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A, D, E, K

Question 2

where are fat-soluble vitamins stored

Answer 2

liver and fatty tissues

Question 3

deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins occur only after what

Answer 3

prolonged deficient intake disease

(toxicities can occur)

Question 4

name the water-soluble vitamins

Answer 4

B-complex (B1,2,3,5,6,9,12) vitamin and vitamin C

Question 5

can water-soluble vitamins be stored in the body

Answer 5

not in large amounts, easily excreted in the urine

• daily intake is required to prevent deficiencies
• toxicities are rare

Question 6

name two examples of vitamin A

Answer 6

retinol, retinyl

Question 7

name some sources of vitamin A

Answer 7

liver, fish, dairy, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange vegetables and fruits

Question 8

name some functions of vitamin A

Answer 8

• growth and development of bones and teeth
• essential for night and normal vision (rhodopsin)

(reproduction, skin integrity and health)

Question 9

name some examples of vitamin D

Answer 9

• animal/plant sources: saltwater fish, milk, orange juice, cereals, dairy products
• sunlight (skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight)

Question 10

name an indication for vitamin D

Answer 10

treatment and correction of conditions related to long-term deficiency: riskets, tetany, osteomalacia

Question 11

s/s of vitamin D toxicity

Answer 11

• hypertension, weakness, fatigue, headache
• anorexia, dry mouth

Question 12

what can vitamin D toxicity progress into if left untreated

Answer 12

impairment of renal function and osteoporosis

Question 13

function of vitamin E

Answer 13

antioxidant

Question 14

indications for vitamin E

Answer 14

treatment of deficiencies, especially in premature infants

Question 15

what can toxicity of vitamin E cause

Answer 15

hemolysis of red blood cells

Question 16

name some sources of vitamin K

Answer 16

green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), cheese, soybean oils

Question 17

function of vitamin K

Answer 17

essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver (clotting)

Question 18

name two indications for vitamin K

Answer 18

• give prophylactically to newborn infants for clotting (immature liver)
• antidote to warfarin (anticoagulant)

Question 19

how long will a patient be unresponsive to warfarin for after vitamin K administration

Answer 19

about 1 week

Question 20

sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Answer 20

enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast

Question 21

name some causes of vitamin B1 deficiency

Answer 21

• poor diet, infection, hyperthyroidism
• liver disease, alcoholism, poor absorption
• pregnancy and breastfeeding

Question 22

function of vitamin B1

Answer 22

maintain integrity of peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, GI tract

Question 23

name an indication for vitamin B1

Answer 23

• Wernicke’s encephalopathy (“cerebral beriberi”)

Question 24

what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy (“cerebral beriberi”)

Answer 24

brain lesions common with malnutrition and chronic alcoholism

Question 25

what is the most common cause for vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiencies

Answer 25

alcoholism

Question 26

function of vitamin B2

Answer 26

maintains erythrocyte integrity, respiratory health, and tissue integrity

Question 27

function of vitamin B3 (niacin)

Answer 27

lipid, protein, purine metabolism

Question 28

what are the s/s of pellagra (niacin deficiency)

Answer 28

4 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Question 29

name a contraindication for vitamin B3

Answer 29

liver disease (hypotension, hemorrhage, peptic ulcer disease)

Question 30

function of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Answer 30

maintains integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes, bone marrow

Question 31

s/s of vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 31

anemia, neurologic issues, seborrheic dermatitis, stomatitis, chapped lips

Question 32

function of vitamin B12

Answer 32

required for many metabolic pathways (blood, energy, protein synthesis, myelin synthesis)

Question 33

what is a deficiency of vitamin B12 called

Answer 33

pernicious anemia

Question 34

s/s of vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 34

neurologic damage and anemia

Question 35

name some sources of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

Answer 35

citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, green peppers, liver

Question 36

name five functions of vitamin C

Answer 36

- maintenance and repair of connective tissues - maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries - erythropoiesis (making red blood cells) - enhances absorption of iron - improves immune system

Question 37

what is a deficiency of vitamin c called

Answer 37

scurvy

Question 38

name s/s of vitamin c deficiency

Answer 38

gingivitis and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, ruptured capillaries/hemorrhage

Question 39

indication of vitamin c

Answer 39

prevention of scurvy; may improve immunity

Question 40

what can megadoses of vitamin c cause

Answer 40

- n/v, headache, abdominal cramps - acidic urine and kidney stone formation

Question 41

what can discontinuing megadoses of vitamin c result in

Answer 41

scurvy-like symptoms

Question 42

what does calcium need for proper absorption

Answer 42

vitamin D

Question 43

where is the highest concentration of calcium

Answer 43

in the bones and teeth

Question 44

name the functions of calcium

Answer 44

bones and teeth, clotting, hormone secretion, cell receptors, and muscle contractions

Question 45

name some sources of calcium

Answer 45

milk, dairy, fortified cereals, calcium-fortified orange juice, salmon

Question 46

name some causes of a calcium deficiency

Answer 46

inadequate intake/absorption of calcium or vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism

Question 47

manifestations of hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)

Answer 47

Increased neuromuscular excitability and muscle spasms (i.e., tetany) (Chvostek and Trousseau signs, larygeal spasms, and convulsions)

Question 48

symptoms of calcium toxicity (hypercalcemia)

Answer 48

anorexia, N/V, constipation, cardiac irregularities, coma

Question 49

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 49

Hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer, excess vitamin D, acidosis, immobility

Question 50

name some manifestations of hypercalcemia

Answer 50

- Decreased neuromuscular excitability, loss of muscle tone, personality changes, weakness - Increased strength of cardiac contractions and dysrhythmias - Kidney stones, constipation, heart block

Question 51

function of magnesium

Answer 51

cellular reactions, protein synthesis, nucleic acid stability, neuromuscular excitability

Question 52

s/s of magnesium toxicities

Answer 52

loss of deep tendon reflexes, CNS depression, respiratory distress, heart block, hypothermia (bradycardia, weakness, hypotension, respiratory depression)

Question 53

treatment of hypermagnesemia

Answer 53

avoid magnesium, dialysis

Question 54

name some causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 54

renal failure, excessive intake (Often linked with hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia)

Question 55

causes of magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia)

Answer 55

Poor intake, alcoholism, diuretics and proton pump inhibitors, hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 56

function of phosphorus

Answer 56

high-energy bonds in ATP needed for energy, cell membranes, clotting, pH balance (necessary for producing ATP, clotting, bone/teeth health)

Question 57

causes of phosphorus deficiency

Answer 57

- Extensive diarrhea or vomiting, hyperthyroidism, liver failure - Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids

Question 58

s/s of phosphorus toxicity

Answer 58

N/V/D, confusion, weakness/shortness of breath

Question 59

function of zinc

Answer 59

important for normal tissue growth and repair, wound repair, and immune system