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NURS 3150 (patho) > Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

the musculoskeletal system is composed of two systems that allow for mobility, what are those systems

A
  • skeleton: bones and joints
  • soft tissues: muscles, ligaments, tendons
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2
Q

movement is accomplished by the _____ of the skeletal muscles and _____ at the joints

A

contraction; rotation

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3
Q

name three functions of the skeletal system

A
  • movement, supporting tissues, protection of vital organs
  • site of blood cell formation (bone marrow)
  • central to mineral homeostasis (bones store minerals)
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4
Q

name five components of bone tissue

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
  • collagen fibers
  • crystallized minerals
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5
Q

______ are bone forming

A

osteoblasts

(bone is shaped according to its function)

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6
Q

osteoblasts become ____ that are imbedded in bone

A

osteocytes

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7
Q

____ are responsible for bone maintenance

A

osteocytes

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8
Q

osteocytes help maintain bone by doing what

A

signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form and resorb bone

(respond to parathyroid hormone)

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9
Q

_____ are responsible for bone resorption/breakdown elements for transport by bloodstream

A

osteoclasts

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10
Q

osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells containing what

A

lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes

(lysosomes break stuff down)

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11
Q

_______ gives bone its tensile strength to hold itself together

A

collagen fibers

(developed from osteoblasts and are essential for bone strength)

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12
Q

collagen fibers anchor _____ to the underlying bone

A

articular cartilage

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13
Q

______ provide rigidity once mineralization occurs

A

crystallized minerals

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14
Q

___ bone is 85% of skeleton; solid and extremely strong

A

compact bone

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15
Q

compact bone is built upon the _____ system

A

haversian system

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16
Q

what does the haversian system consist of

A

haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocyte, canaliculi

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17
Q

________ bone is filled with red bone marrow (15% of skeleton)

A

spongy bone

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18
Q

spongy bone lacks the haversian system but have ______

A

trabeculae (plates or bars)

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19
Q

trabeculae maintain what

A

structure and function

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19
Q

_______: double-layered connective tissue covering all bones

A

periosteum

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20
Q

the _______ in the outer layer of the periosteum allows blood vessels to penetrate to inner bone

A

volkmann canals

(feeds bone tissue)
(blood supply to the bones isn’t a lot)

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20
Q

the _____ layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves

A

outer

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21
Q

the inner layer of the periosteum uses _____ to hold tendons and ligaments to bones

A

collagenous fibers

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22
Q

name the four types of bones in the skeletal system

A

long, flat, short, irregular

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23
Q

______: medullary cavity that contains fat (yellow marrow) in long bones

A

diaphysis

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24
Q

____________= medullary cavity that contains fat (red marrow)

A

metaphysis

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25
Q

____: known as “growth plate” allowing for growing bone length

A

epiphyseal plate (before puberty)

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26
Q

______: epiphyseal plate calcifies and merges diaphysis and metaphysis (no more growth)

A

epiphyseal line (after puberty)

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27
Q

_____ lines the medullary cavities of long bones

A

endosteum

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28
Q

flat, short, and irregular bones consist of what type of bone

A

spongy bone that is surrounded by compact bone

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29
Q

________: repair of microscopic injuries and maintenance of bone integrity

A

remodeling

30
Q

what are the three phases of remodeling

A
  1. inflammatory phase (activation of the remodeling phase; 3-4 days)
  2. repair phase (lasts a few days)
  3. resorption/remodeling (4-6 months; bone returns to original size, shape, strength)
31
Q

in the inflammatory phase of remodeling, what forms

A

hematoma (provides nutrients)

32
Q

in the repair phase of remodeling what is formed

A

callus (begins phases of repairing injury)

33
Q

_____: sites where two or more bones meet allowing stability and movement

34
Q

classification of bones is based on _______

35
Q

________ is an immovable joint that is often fibrous

A

synarthrosis

(ex. skull)

36
Q

________ is a slightly movable joint that is usually cartilaginous

A

amphiarthrosis

(ex. symphysis pubis; moves with childbirth)

37
Q

____ is a freely movable joint that is usually synovial

A

diarthrosis

(ex. knees, elbows, shoulders)

37
Q

_____ are the most movable and complex joints

38
Q

what are the four main components of synovial joints

A
  • joint capsule/cavity
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane
  • synovial fluid
39
Q

______ covers bony surfaces of synovial joints, reduces friction during movement

A

articular cartilage

40
Q

articular cartilage has no _____ (3)

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

41
Q

articular cartilage is insensitive to pain and regenerates ________ after injury

42
Q

_________ lines the inner surface of the joint capsule

A

synovial membranes

43
Q

______ fills the joint cavity and lubricates the joint surface

A

synovial fluid

(lubricates and nourishes joint surfaces)

44
Q

synovial fluid contains _______ fluid

A

superfiltrated blood plasma fluid

45
Q

synovial fluid contains _____ that phagocytize joint debris and microorganisms

A

leukocytes

46
Q

______: bundles of muscle fibers

47
Q

________: outermost fascicle layer & forms tendons

48
Q

_____: middle fascicle layer

A

perimysium

49
Q

_______: inner fascicle layer that surrounds muscle fascicles

A

endomysium

50
Q

______: fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

51
Q

_______: contractile units of muscles fibers

A

sarcomeres

(functional unit of the neuromuscular system)

52
Q

sarcomeres act as a single entity, contracts as a whole from stimuli; “______” response

A

all-or-nothing

53
Q

skeletal muscle is _____ movement

54
Q

skeletal muscle is striated and extrafusal; what does extrafusal mean

A

generate movement and provide muscle mass development

55
Q

______: motor units per muscle

A

innervation ratio

56
Q

_______ innervation ratios: prevent fatigue and have higher endurance of muscles

57
Q

lower innervation rations facilitate ________ and fatigue ____ than higher innervation ratios

A

precision movement; easier/faster

58
Q

________: primary ion channels that control calcium release in muscles

A

ryanodine receptors (RyRs)

59
Q

RyR1

A

skeletal muscle

60
Q

RyR2

A

cardiac muscle

61
Q

RyR3

A

diaphragm, smooth muscle, brain

62
Q

name the four phases of contractions

A
  • excitation (stimuli/nerve impulse)
  • coupling (building of myosin)
  • contraction (motor fibers full = movement) (All-or-Nothing)
  • relaxation (uncoupling and return to resting position)
63
Q

______: amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid waste to glucose and replenish fuels

A

oxygen debt

64
Q

what two things fuel muscle contraction

A

ATP, phosphocreatine

65
Q

isometric contraction

A
  • Static or holding contraction
  • Muscle maintains a constant length as tension is increased
  • Muscle contracts, but the limb does not move
66
Q

isotonic (dynamic) muscle contraction

A
  • Lengthening (eccentric) or shortening (concentric) contraction
  • Muscle maintains a constant tension as it moves
  • Muscle contracts and the limb moves
67
Q

______ muscle: prime mover (contraction)

A

agonist muscle

68
Q

_____ muscle: opposite of mover (relaxation)

A

antagonist muscle

69
Q

main test for bone function

A

serum calcium and phosphorus

(also fo gait analysis or imaging studies)

70
Q

name three tests of joint function

A
  • arthrography
  • arthroscopy
  • synovial fluid analysis
71
Q

_____ is a test of muscular function because it is increased when muscles are damaged

A

serum creatine kinase

72
Q

_________: occurs with acute muscle damage

A

myoglobinuria

73
Q

______: age-related loss of muscles

A

sarcopenia

NURS 3150 (patho) (13 decks)

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