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NURS 3150 (patho) > structure and function of the neurologic system > Flashcards

structure and function of the neurologic system Flashcards

1
Q

components of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

components of the peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

what two nervous systems are within the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

the somatic nervous system has motor and sensory pathways that regulate ______ motor control of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

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5
Q

the ____ nervous system has motor and sensory pathways that regulate the body’s internal environment and involuntary control of organ systems

A

autonomic

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6
Q

what two systems are within the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic (fight-or-flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest-and-secrete)
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7
Q

____: primary information and communication cell

A

neuron

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8
Q

______: receptive portion of the neuron

A

dendrites (dendritic zone)

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9
Q

the cell body of a neuron in the CNS = ______

A

nuclei

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10
Q

groups of cell bodies in the PNS = __________

A

ganglia and plexuses

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11
Q

________: sending portion of the neuron that leave from the cell body

A

axons

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12
Q

neurons generate and conduct electrical and chemical impulses and influence other nearby neurons by the release of ________

A

neurotransmitters

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13
Q

when a membrane potential is raised sufficiently what occurs

A

an action potential (impulse)

(all-or-none response; nothing happens before the membrane potential is reached)

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14
Q

_____: beginning of nerve impulse

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

the _____ is a segmented, insulating lipid layer over an axon

A

myelin sheath

(help make the action potential move faster)

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16
Q

the myelin sheath is formed and maintained by what

A
  • schwann cells (peripheral nervous system)
  • oligodendroglia (central nervous system)
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17
Q

______: cells that support the function of nerve cells

A

neuroglia

(5-10x more numerous than neurons)

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18
Q

______: support cells that fill the spaces between neurons and surround the blood vessels in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

________: support cells that deposit myelin within the CNS

A

oligodendroglia

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20
Q

_______: support cells that remove debris in the CNS

A

microglia

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21
Q

_________: support cells that line the cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities of the CNS

A

ependymal cells

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22
Q

_______: spaces between neurons that allow connection and communication

A

synapses

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23
Q

impulses are transmitted across the synapse by ______ conduction

A

chemical (neurotransmitters) and electrical

(norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin)

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24
Q

neurotransmitters are stored by synaptic boutons and released across the ______, which is the space between neurons

A

synaptic cleft

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25
what does regeneration depend on
location, type of injury, inflammatory response, scar tissue formation
26
what is wallerian degeneration
death of nerve tissue (distal end of axon)
27
name the steps of regrowth in the proximal end of the myelinated nerves in PNS
1. Swelling and dispersal of the Nissl substance 2. Cell increases metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity 3. New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment
28
name the three major divisions in the brain
- forebrain (multiple parts) -Midbrain (corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, and cerebral peduncles) - Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla)
29
what three parts does the brainstem consist of
- midbrain - medulla - pons
30
______: network of connected nuclei that regulate vital signs and maintains wakefulness
reticular formation
31
the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex and together referred to as _________
reticular-activating system
32
what does the forebrain consist of (8)
- cerebrum - frontal lobe - parietal lobe (somatic sensory input) - occipital lobe (vision) - temporal lobe - corpus callosum - limbic system - diencephalon
33
name the 4 components of the frontal lobe
- Prefrontal (thoughtful, goal-oriented behavior; short-term or recall memory) - Premotor (programs automatic/autonomic motor movement; basal ganglia (extrapyramidal sys.) - Primary motor area (main voluntary motor area; efferent nerves [away from brain]) - Broca speech area (motor aspect of speech)
34
_______: behavioral response to emotions, motivation, mood, biologic rhythms, smell, memory
limbic system
35
what are the four components of the diencephalon
- epithalamus (vital and visceral functions) - thalamus (wakefulness/learning) - hypothalamus (internal environment/emotive behavior) - subthalamus (motor function)
36
name the three components of the midbrain
- corpora quadrigemina/tectum (superior colliculi); inferior colliculi -tegmentum - cerebral aqueduct
37
name the two components of the tegmentum in the midbrain
- red nucleus (motor output) - substantia nigra (synthesizes dopamine)
38
what portion of the midbrain is responsible for parkinson's disease
substantia nigra in the tegmentum
39
name the three components of the hindbrain
- cerebellum - pons (controls sleep/wake cycle/ breathing) - medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
40
what is the cerebellum responsible for
conscious/unconscious muscle movement; maintains balance and posture
41
damage to the cerebellum is characterized by ______ loss of balance and coordination
ipsilateral (same side)
42
what does the medulla oblongata control
-heart rate -respiration -blood pressure -coughing -sneezing -swallowing -vomiting
43
what are the sections of the spinal cord
- cervical (8) - thoracic (12) - lumbar (5) - sacral (5) - coccygeal (1)
44
what does the vertebral column contain
- 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccygeal) - Intervertebral disks (absorbs shocks)
45
name the three portions of gray matter in the spinal cord
- posterior/dorsal horn - lateral horn (neurons in autonomic nervous system) - anterior/ventral horn
46
the posterior/dorsal horn of gray matter has sensory/_______ neurons, such as pain reception (stimulus to brain)
afferent
47
the anterior/ventral horn of gray matter has motor/_______ neurons (brain to muscle or gland responds/moves)
efferent
48
motor pathways of the upper motor neurons are found where
completely in the CNS
49
upper motor neurons control fine motor movement, destruction or injury of this can result in what
initial paralysis followed by partial recovery
50
cell bodies of lower motor neurons originate in the gray matter of the spinal cord and extend where
their axons extend into the PNS
51
lower motor neurons have a direct influence on muscles and destruction of these neurons can lead to what
permanent paralysis
52
______: protective structures that surround the brain and spinal cord
meninges
53
name the three components of the meninges
- dura mater (outer layer) - arachnoid mater (middle layer) - pia mater (inner layer)
54
the _____ mater is the periosteum of the skull and the inner dura or meningeal layer
dura
55
the ____ mater provides support and is filled with fluid to cushion structures
arachnoid
56
the ____ mater attaches to the brain and spinal cord
pia
57
the ____ space is located between the dura and arachnoid mater
subdural
58
the ___ space contains CSF and is located between the arachnoid and pia mater
subarachnoid mater
59
the ____ space is located between the dura mater and the skull
epidural
60
____ is a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
CSF
61
CSF and the ventricular system prevents the brain from doing what
tugging on the meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
62
CSF circulates btwn 125-150mL in the ventricles and is produced by the _________ in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles
choroid plexus
63
CSF is reabsorbed through the _________
arachnoid villi
64
20% of blood flow is from the ____
heartbeat
65
____: provides collateral blood flow to the brian
arterial circle
66
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
67
_____ neurons are unmyelinated and have slower conduction
postgangilonic
68
_______ neurons are myelinated and have faster conduction
preganglionic
69
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes what (4)
- fight-or-flight - decreased peristalsis - increase in blood sugar, temp, BP - regulates vasomotor tone
70
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes what (4)
- rest-and-secrete - increase in digestion, salivation, urination - controls pupil constriction and tear secretion
71
the sympathetic nervous system releases what two neurotransmitters
- epinephrine (central vasodilation) - norepinephrine (peripheral vasoconstriction)
72
what neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers
norepinephrine/epinephrine
73
receptor of sympathetic postganglionic fibers
adrenergic (adrenaline)
74
neurotransmitters released from parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
acetylcholine
75
receptor of parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
cholinergic (muscarinic)

NURS 3150 (patho) (13 decks)

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