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NURS 3150 (patho) > structure and function of the neurologic system > Flashcards

structure and function of the neurologic system Flashcards

1
Q

components of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

components of the peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

what two nervous systems are within the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

the somatic nervous system has motor and sensory pathways that regulate ______ motor control of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

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5
Q

the ____ nervous system has motor and sensory pathways that regulate the body’s internal environment and involuntary control of organ systems

A

autonomic

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6
Q

what two systems are within the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic (fight-or-flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest-and-secrete)
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7
Q

____: primary information and communication cell

A

neuron

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8
Q

______: receptive portion of the neuron

A

dendrites (dendritic zone)

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9
Q

the cell body of a neuron in the CNS = ______

A

nuclei

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10
Q

groups of cell bodies in the PNS = __________

A

ganglia and plexuses

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11
Q

________: sending portion of the neuron that leave from the cell body

A

axons

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12
Q

neurons generate and conduct electrical and chemical impulses and influence other nearby neurons by the release of ________

A

neurotransmitters

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13
Q

when a membrane potential is raised sufficiently what occurs

A

an action potential (impulse)

(all-or-none response; nothing happens before the membrane potential is reached)

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14
Q

_____: beginning of nerve impulse

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

the _____ is a segmented, insulating lipid layer over an axon

A

myelin sheath

(help make the action potential move faster)

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16
Q

the myelin sheath is formed and maintained by what

A
  • schwann cells (peripheral nervous system)
  • oligodendroglia (central nervous system)
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17
Q

______: cells that support the function of nerve cells

A

neuroglia

(5-10x more numerous than neurons)

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18
Q

______: support cells that fill the spaces between neurons and surround the blood vessels in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

________: support cells that deposit myelin within the CNS

A

oligodendroglia

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20
Q

_______: support cells that remove debris in the CNS

A

microglia

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21
Q

_________: support cells that line the cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities of the CNS

A

ependymal cells

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22
Q

_______: spaces between neurons that allow connection and communication

A

synapses

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23
Q

impulses are transmitted across the synapse by ______ conduction

A

chemical (neurotransmitters) and electrical

(norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin)

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24
Q

neurotransmitters are stored by synaptic boutons and released across the ______, which is the space between neurons

A

synaptic cleft

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25
Q

what does regeneration depend on

A

location, type of injury, inflammatory response, scar tissue formation

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26
Q

what is wallerian degeneration

A

death of nerve tissue (distal end of axon)

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27
Q

name the steps of regrowth in the proximal end of the myelinated nerves in PNS

A
  1. Swelling and dispersal of the Nissl substance
  2. Cell increases metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity
  3. New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment
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28
Q

name the three major divisions in the brain

A
  • forebrain (multiple parts)
    -Midbrain (corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, and cerebral peduncles)
  • Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla)
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29
Q

what three parts does the brainstem consist of

A
  • midbrain
  • medulla
  • pons
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30
Q

______: network of connected nuclei that regulate vital signs and maintains wakefulness

A

reticular formation

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31
Q

the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex and together referred to as _________

A

reticular-activating system

32
Q

what does the forebrain consist of (8)

A
  • cerebrum
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe (somatic sensory input)
  • occipital lobe (vision)
  • temporal lobe
  • corpus callosum
  • limbic system
  • diencephalon
33
Q

name the 4 components of the frontal lobe

A
  • Prefrontal (thoughtful, goal-oriented behavior; short-term or recall memory)
  • Premotor (programs automatic/autonomic motor movement; basal ganglia (extrapyramidal sys.)
  • Primary motor area (main voluntary motor area; efferent nerves [away from brain])
  • Broca speech area (motor aspect of speech)
34
Q

_______: behavioral response to emotions, motivation, mood, biologic rhythms, smell, memory

A

limbic system

35
Q

what are the four components of the diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus (vital and visceral functions)
  • thalamus (wakefulness/learning)
  • hypothalamus (internal environment/emotive behavior)
  • subthalamus (motor function)
36
Q

name the three components of the midbrain

A
  • corpora quadrigemina/tectum (superior colliculi); inferior colliculi
    -tegmentum
  • cerebral aqueduct
37
Q

name the two components of the tegmentum in the midbrain

A
  • red nucleus (motor output)
  • substantia nigra (synthesizes dopamine)
38
Q

what portion of the midbrain is responsible for parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra in the tegmentum

39
Q

name the three components of the hindbrain

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons (controls sleep/wake cycle/ breathing)
  • medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
40
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for

A

conscious/unconscious muscle movement; maintains balance and posture

41
Q

damage to the cerebellum is characterized by ______ loss of balance and coordination

A

ipsilateral (same side)

42
Q

what does the medulla oblongata control

A

-heart rate
-respiration
-blood pressure
-coughing
-sneezing
-swallowing
-vomiting

43
Q

what are the sections of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical (8)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (1)
44
Q

what does the vertebral column contain

A
  • 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccygeal)
  • Intervertebral disks (absorbs shocks)
45
Q

name the three portions of gray matter in the spinal cord

A
  • posterior/dorsal horn
  • lateral horn (neurons in autonomic nervous system)
  • anterior/ventral horn
46
Q

the posterior/dorsal horn of gray matter has sensory/_______ neurons, such as pain reception (stimulus to brain)

A

afferent

47
Q

the anterior/ventral horn of gray matter has motor/_______ neurons (brain to muscle or gland responds/moves)

A

efferent

48
Q

motor pathways of the upper motor neurons are found where

A

completely in the CNS

49
Q

upper motor neurons control fine motor movement, destruction or injury of this can result in what

A

initial paralysis followed by partial recovery

50
Q

cell bodies of lower motor neurons originate in the gray matter of the spinal cord and extend where

A

their axons extend into the PNS

51
Q

lower motor neurons have a direct influence on muscles and destruction of these neurons can lead to what

A

permanent paralysis

52
Q

______: protective structures that surround the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

53
Q

name the three components of the meninges

A
  • dura mater (outer layer)
  • arachnoid mater (middle layer)
  • pia mater (inner layer)
54
Q

the _____ mater is the periosteum of the skull and the inner dura or meningeal layer

A

dura

55
Q

the ____ mater provides support and is filled with fluid to cushion structures

A

arachnoid

56
Q

the ____ mater attaches to the brain and spinal cord

A

pia

57
Q

the ____ space is located between the dura and arachnoid mater

A

subdural

58
Q

the ___ space contains CSF and is located between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

subarachnoid mater

59
Q

the ____ space is located between the dura mater and the skull

A

epidural

60
Q

____ is a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid

A

CSF

61
Q

CSF and the ventricular system prevents the brain from doing what

A

tugging on the meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels

62
Q

CSF circulates btwn 125-150mL in the ventricles and is produced by the _________ in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

A

choroid plexus

63
Q

CSF is reabsorbed through the _________

A

arachnoid villi

64
Q

20% of blood flow is from the ____

A

heartbeat

65
Q

____: provides collateral blood flow to the brian

A

arterial circle

66
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

67
Q

_____ neurons are unmyelinated and have slower conduction

A

postgangilonic

68
Q

_______ neurons are myelinated and have faster conduction

A

preganglionic

69
Q

stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes what (4)

A
  • fight-or-flight
  • decreased peristalsis
  • increase in blood sugar, temp, BP
  • regulates vasomotor tone
70
Q

stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes what (4)

A
  • rest-and-secrete
  • increase in digestion, salivation, urination
  • controls pupil constriction and tear secretion
71
Q

the sympathetic nervous system releases what two neurotransmitters

A
  • epinephrine (central vasodilation)
  • norepinephrine (peripheral vasoconstriction)
72
Q

what neurotransmitters are released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

norepinephrine/epinephrine

73
Q

receptor of sympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

adrenergic (adrenaline)

74
Q

neurotransmitters released from parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

A

acetylcholine

75
Q

receptor of parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

A

cholinergic (muscarinic)

NURS 3150 (patho) (13 decks)

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