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NURS 3150 (patho) > alterations in cognitive systems, cerebral hemodynamics, and motor function (2) > Flashcards

alterations in cognitive systems, cerebral hemodynamics, and motor function (2) Flashcards

1
Q

_____: state of awareness of self, environment, and arousal

A

full (alert)

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2
Q

awareness involves ____

A

cognitive functions (attentional, memory, language)

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3
Q

______: awake but lack awareness

A

arousal

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4
Q

priority neurological assessment

A

level of consciousness (LOC)

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5
Q

changes in LOC are a critical index of what

A

nervous system function

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6
Q

_____ centers regulate breathing pattern and are controlled by CO2; breathing changes arean alteration in arousal

A

lower brainstem

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7
Q

________: abnormal rhythm of breathing with alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea

A

posthyperventilation apnea (cheyne-stokes respirations)

(increased rate - decreased rate - apnea - increased rate)

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8
Q

name some motor responses that are considered alterations is arousal

A
  • vomiting, yawning, hiccupping (involve the medulla)
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9
Q

what does vomiting without nausea indicate

A

direct involvement of the CNS

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10
Q

______: cannot communicate through speech or body movement but is conscious and cognition is intact

A

irreversible coma (locked-in syndrome)

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11
Q

what is brain death criteria

A
  • unresponsive coma, no spontaneous respirations (apnea), no brainstem function
  • flat brain activity for 6-12 hours from an EEG
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12
Q

____: cannot recognise objects (tactile, visual, auditory)

A

agnosia

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13
Q

______: cannot comprehend or produce speech

A

aphasia/dysphasia

(treatment - speech therapy)

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14
Q

_______: ACUTE deficits in attention, thoughts, actions

A

delirium

(treatment - identify cause)

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15
Q

name some common causes of delirium

A

post-operation infection, UTI in the elderly

(drugs, metabolic disorders, nervous system disease)

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16
Q

_____: CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE failure of cerebral functions limiting memory, speech, and behavior

A

dementia

(no cure)

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17
Q

most common form of dementia

A

alzheimer’s

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18
Q

name common risk factors for alzheimer’s

A
  • age/family history
  • presents with neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques on CT scan
  • loss of acetylcholine
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19
Q

______: increase in the fluid within the brain tissue (intracellular or extracellular)

A

cerebral edema

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20
Q

_____ cerebral edema: related to blood vessels and blood flow

A

vasogenic

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21
Q

____ cerebral edema: toxins

A

cytotoxic

22
Q

_____ cerebral edema: increased fluid around brain tissue

A

interstitial

23
Q

normal cranial pressure

A

5-15 mmHg

24
Q

name the four stages of increased intracranial pressure

A

pre-stage 1: cerebrospinal fluid is displaced to maintain ICP
stage 1: compensation phase (vasoconstriction and external compression compensations may maintain elevation in ICP)

stage 2: more pressure

stage 3: brain hypoxia and loss of brain autoregulation

stage 4: brain herniation (shifting of brain tissue that disrupts blood flow and damages brain tissue)

25
Q

______: excess fluid accumulates within the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both

A

hydrocephalus

26
Q

______ hydrocephalus: due to obstruction of CSF inside ventricles

A

noncommunicating (obstructive)

27
Q

______ hydrocephalus: due to impaired reabsorption of CSF

A

communicating (nonobstructive)

28
Q

_______ hydrocephalus: due to injury (head injury)

A

acute

29
Q

________: weakness; partial paralysis

A

paresis

30
Q

______: loss of motor function

A

paralysis

31
Q

_____: lower motor neuron syndrome where extremities have no muscle tone

A

flaccid paresis/paralysis

32
Q

_____: lower motor neuron syndrome that presents with decreased reflexes

A

hyporeflexia/ areflexia

33
Q

what can disorders of posture be caused by (2)

A

disease or severe head injury

34
Q

____ posture: flexion of extremities

A

decorticate

35
Q

_____ posture: rigid extension of extremities

A

decerebrate

36
Q

_____: loss of voice control (disorder of expression)

A

hypomimesis

37
Q

_____ hypomimesis: produce speech but not comprehend

A

expressive

38
Q

______ hypomimesis: cannot comprehend tone of speech

A

receptive

39
Q

______: abnormal, involuntary movements that occur as spasms

A

dyskinesias

40
Q

_____ dyskinesias: rapid, repetitive movements of face, arms, and trunk

A

tardive

(adverse effect from taking antipsychotic drugs)

41
Q

Parkinson disease is a LOSS of _______ cells in basal ganglia

A

dopamine-producing cells

42
Q

name some manifestations of Parkinson disease

A
  • wide-eyed, unblinking, staring expression with immobile facial muscles
    -flexed and abducted arms held stiffly at the side (muscle stiffness)
  • bradykinesia (decreased movement) and akinesia (no movement)
  • resting tremor
  • dementia, depression
43
Q

________: progressive, inflammatory degeneration of the upper/lower motor neurons in the CNS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)

(treatment = no cure, may prolong life for months only)

44
Q

name some manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A
  • voluntary and involuntary muscle function is affected BUT cognition remains intact until death
  • progressive muscle weakness leads to respiratory failure
45
Q

name two demyelinating disorders (damage to the myelin sheath)

A
  • multiple sclerosis (CNS demyelination)
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome (PNS demyelination)
46
Q

name some common causes for demyelinating disorders

A
  • genetics
  • viral infections
  • autoimmune reactions
  • environmental toxins
47
Q

_____: acute inflammatory, autoimmune disease (demyelinating disorder)

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

48
Q

S/S of Guillain-Barre syndroms

A

rapid onset of ascending motor paralysis

49
Q

_________: chronic autoimmune disease that limits nerve impulse and NM junction

(IgG antibody produced against acetylcholine receptors)

A

myasthenia gravis

50
Q

manifestations of myasthenia gravis disease

A
  • Descending paralysis (starts in face and moves to respiratory system)
  • Weakness / fatigue of face and throat = diplopia, difficulty talking and swallowing
  • Weakness / fatigue worsens with activity and improves with rest
    -Myasthenic crisis
    -Cholinergic crisis
51
Q

_____: manifestation of myasthenia gravis that presents as severe muscle weakening, leading to respiratory distress

A

myasthenic crisis

52
Q

______: manifestation of myasthenia gravis that looks like myasthenic crisis but occurs minutes after taking anticholinergics

A

cholinergic crisis

NURS 3150 (patho) (13 decks)

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