pain, temp regulation, sleep, sensory function (2)

Question 1

pain results from stimulation of sensory fibers called _____

Answer 1

nociceptors

Question 2

nociceptors transmit pain signals from various body regions (PNS) to _____

Answer 2

the spinal cord and brain

Question 3

where is there a higher concentration of nociceptors

Answer 3

in skin and extremities (fewer in internal structures)

Question 4

____: level of stimulus needed to produce the perception of pain

Answer 4

pain threshold

Question 5

_______: amount of pain an individual can endure without interfering with daily functions

Answer 5

pain tolerance

Question 6

the brainstem, midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum are _____ centers for pain

Answer 6

interpretive (learned pain response)

Question 7

name the three primary-order neurons

Answer 7

myelinated A-delta fibers, unmyelinated C fibers, A-beta fibers

Question 8

transmission of myelinated A-delta fibers is ______

Answer 8

fast (causes reflex withdraw of body part before pain sensation is perceived)

Question 9

unmyelinated C fibers are stimulated by what nociceptors (3)

Answer 9

mechanical, thermal, chemical

Question 10

transmission of unmyelinated C fibers is ____ and conveys dull, aching, or burning sensations

Answer 10

slower

Question 11

_____ pain: arises from joints, muscle, bone, and skin (sharp=A-delta; dull=C fibers)

Answer 11

somatic

Question 12

____ pain: arises from internal organs and lining of body cavities (poorly localized from few receptors)

Answer 12

visceral

Question 13

_____ pain: area distant from its point of origin; supplied by the same spinal segment as the actual site

Answer 13

referred

Question 14

_____ pain: result of lesion or dysfunction in nervous system; often chronic; burning, shooting, tingling

Answer 14

neuropathic

Question 15

_____: regeneration/hyperactivity of injured/cut peripheral nerves and most commonly occurs with presence of pain PRIOR to amputation

Answer 15

phantom limb pain

Question 16

pain is modulated by a gate in the cells of the ______ in the spinal cord

Answer 16

substantia gelatinosa

Question 17

name two neurotransmitters that close the gate (fight pain) and inhibit pain signal to brain and nerves

Answer 17

endorphins (like morphine) and enkephalins

Question 18

rubbing a painful area stimulates what

Answer 18

large sensory fibers (A-beta fibers)

Question 19

______: protective mechanism that alerts an individual to a condition or experience that could harm the body

Answer 19

acute pain

Question 20

name some manifestations of acute pain

Answer 20

• tachycardia
• hypertension
• diaphoresis
• dilated pupils
• anxiety

Question 21

_____ pain is persistent or recurring and lasts 3-6 months and is often difficult to treat

Answer 21

chronic

(not protective)

Question 22

thermoregulation and sweating is controlled by the ______

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

name three mechanisms of heat production and conservation

Answer 23

metabolism, muscle contraction (exercise, shivering), vasoconstriction

Question 24

name five mechanisms of heat loss

Answer 24

• Radiation (release heat)
• Conduction (through contact; i.e., touch ice)
• Convection (air movement; i.e., fan)
• Evaporation (sweating)
• Vasodilation

Question 25

what is an important consideration regarding infants and temperature/heat control

Answer 25

they are unable to shiver so they must be kept warm

Question 26

______: physical collapse from prolonged high temperatures

Answer 26

heat exhaustion

Question 27

S/S of heat exhaustion

Answer 27

dizziness, weakness, nausea, syncope, confusion, decreased cardiac output, tachycardia

Question 28

what is the treatment for both heat cramps and heat exhaustion

Answer 28

stop activity, lie down, give salt, drink fluids

Question 29

S/S of heat stroke

Answer 29

absence of sweating, cerebral edema, delirium, coma

Question 30

what does tissue hypothermia do to the body (3)

Answer 30

- slows chemical reactions and metabolism - increases blood viscosity and slows blood through microcirculation (increased clotting) - stimulates vasoconstriction (moves blood to core/vital organs for survival)

Question 31

sleep promotes what (2)

Answer 31

memory development and organization

Question 32

_____ is the major sleep center

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep accounts of 20-25% of sleep time and involves ______

Answer 33

dreaming

Question 34

Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep - [75-80% of sleep time] - involves _____

Answer 34

growth and restorative

Question 35

when do infants enter REM sleep

Answer 35

immediately after falling asleep

Question 36

_____: difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep

Answer 36

dyssomnias

Question 37

________ syndrome is due to upper airway obstruction causing reduced blood oxygen saturation and higher CO2 levels

Answer 37

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Question 38

S/S of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Answer 38

daytime fatigue, snoring at night (treatment = CPAP machine)

Question 39

_____: arousal and sleep-wake transition disorders

Answer 39

parasomnias

Question 40

examples of parasomnias (4)

Answer 40

- sleepwalking/talking -night terrors (waking with uncontrolled anxiety) - nightmares - SIDS

Question 41

______: intraocular pressures are often higher due to obstruction (can cause blindness from pressure on optic nerve)

Answer 41

glaucoma

Question 42

____ AMD is the most severe and ____ AMD is the most common (age-related macular degeneration)

Answer 42

wet; dry

Question 43

name three of the most common vision problems

Answer 43

- myopia (nearsighted) - hyperopia (farsighted) - astigmatism (unequal curvature of the cornea)

Question 44

_____: inflammation of the conjunctiva with purulent drainage, redness, irritation

Answer 44

conjunctivitis (often contagious/infectious) (can be bacterial(pinkeye), viral, allergic, trachoma)

Question 45

leading cause of preventable blindness in the world

Answer 45

trachoma (chlamydial conjunctivitis)

Question 46

_____: sensation that the room is spinning

Answer 46

vertigo

Question 47

____: disorder resulting from abnormalities in the middle ear

Answer 47

meniere disease