Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Question 1

_____: break in the continuity of a bone due to external forces

Answer 1

fracture

Question 2

_______ severity: bone is broken all the way through

Answer 2

complete

Question 3

______ severity: bone is damaged but still in one piece

Answer 3

incomplete

Question 4

_____ severity: skin is intact

Answer 4

closed (simple)

(can be complete or incomplete)

Question 5

_______ severity: skin is broken

Answer 5

open (compound)

(can be complete or incomplete)

Question 6

______ fracture: bone breaks into more than two fragments

Answer 6

comminuted

Question 7

______ fracture: fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

Answer 7

linear

Question 8

______ fracture: fracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted

Answer 8

oblique

Question 9

______ fracture: encircles the bone; often sign of child abuse

Answer 9

spiral

Question 10

______ fracture: straight across the bone

Answer 10

transverse

Question 11

______ fracture: small crack in bone

Answer 11

greenstick

Question 12

______ fracture: longitudinal force is applied to a bone; often with long-term obesity

Answer 12

bowing

Question 13

______ fracture: break occurs at the site of a preexisting disease (ex. cancer, osteoporosis)

Answer 13

pathologic

Question 14

______ fracture: repeated fatigue; often in athletes

Answer 14

stress

Question 15

what are the three types of improper reduction or immobilization

Answer 15

nonunion, delayed union, malunion

Question 16

______: failure of the bone ends to grow together

Answer 16

nonunion

Question 17

_____: improper reduction that may occur more than 8 months after a fracture

Answer 17

delayed union

Question 18

______: bone does not heal straight

Answer 18

malunion

Question 19

______: temporary displacement of bone from its joint

Answer 19

dislocation

Question 20

_______: contact between the bones in the joint only partially lost

Answer 20

subluxation

Question 21

what is the treatment for dislocation and subluxation

Answer 21

reduction and immobilization for 2-6 weeks followed by rehab exercises

Question 22

how long do injuries to tendons and ligaments often take to heal

Answer 22

4-6 weeks or more

Question 23

_____: tear or injury to a tendon

Answer 23

strain

Question 24

______: tear to injury to a ligament

Answer 24

sprain

Question 25

_______: complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment

Answer 25

avulsion

Question 26

clinical manifestations of a tendon or ligament injury

Answer 26

- sharp, local pain often accompanied by swelling and changes in tendon or ligament contour - may occur with dislocation or subluxation of bones

Question 27

_____: inflammation of a tendon

Answer 27

tendinitis

Question 28

_____: inflammation of a bursa

Answer 28

bursitis

Question 29

where are bursa located

Answer 29

near tendons, muscles, and bony prominences (filled with synovial fluid)

Question 30

what is bursitis caused by

Answer 30

repeated trauma

Question 31

____ bursitis is caused by wound infection

Answer 31

septic

Question 32

_______: inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone

Answer 32

epicondylitis

Question 33

_____: tennis elbow

Answer 33

lateral epicondylitis

Question 34

________: golfer's elbow

Answer 34

medial epicondylitis

Question 35

_______: life-threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss

Answer 35

rhabdomyolysis (life threatening - crush syndromes vs crush injuries) (limb threatening - compartment syndrome; one area of trauma)

Question 36

rhabdomyolysis is the rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of what

Answer 36

the release of intracellular contents and myoglobin into extracellular space and bloodstream

Question 37

clinical manifestations of rhabdomyolysis

Answer 37

classic triad = muscle pain, weakness, dark urine (from myoglobin)

Question 37

_______: is porous, poorly mineralized bone

Answer 37

osteoporosis

Question 38

clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

Answer 38

- bone deformity (most common) - pain, pathologic fractures, kyphosis, diminished height

Question 38

osteoporosis is a more than ____% loss of bone tissue

Answer 38

30%

Question 39

prevention of osteoporosis

Answer 39

- regular moderate weightbearing exercises (walking) - increase calcium and magnesium intake (similar to during adolescence)

Question 40

______: "soft bones"

Answer 40

osteomalacia (deficiency of vitamin D lowers the calcium absorption from the intestines)

Question 41

____: state of increased metabolic activity in bone; bone resorption and formation are excessive

Answer 41

paget disease

Question 42

paget disease does what to affected bones

Answer 42

enlarges and softens them

Question 42

what skeleton does paget disease most often affect

Answer 42

axial skeleton (skull, spine, chest, pelvis)

Question 43

________: infectious bone disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 43

osteomyelitis (spreads along the bone shaft or into the bone marrow)

Question 44

osteomyelitis results in what

Answer 44

bone death due to ischemia (lack of blood flow to bone)

Question 45

________: one of the most common forms of bone cancer; often occurs in patients with a history of exposure to radiation

Answer 45

osteosarcoma

Question 46

where is osteosarcoma most often found

Answer 46

in long bones

Question 47

_______: degenerative joint disease; inflammatory joint disease with loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of underlying bone, formation of bone spurs (osteophytes)

Answer 47

osteoarthritis

Question 48

treatment of osteoarthritis

Answer 48

balanced diet, aerobic exercise, range-of-motion exercise, weight loss (analgesic/antiinflammatory drug, rest of joints, cane, braces, walker, joint replacement)

Question 49

_______: arthritis; inflammatory damage or destruction in the synovial membrane or articular cartilage

Answer 49

inflammatory joint disease

Question 50

systemic signs of inflammation (inflammatory joint disease)

Answer 50

fever (infection), malaise, leukocytosis, anorexia, hyperfibrinogenemia

Question 51

_______: systemic autoimmune destruction to synovial membrane and joints

Answer 51

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 52

clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 52

- systemic joint swelling, joint deformities, joint fluid with inflammatory exudate - systemic manifestations of inflammation - painful, tender, stiff joints - fever - fatigue - anorexia

Question 53

treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 53

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Question 54

_________: chronic inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints, causing stiffening and fusion of the peripheral joints

Answer 54

ankylosing spondylitis

Question 55

clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 55

low back pain, stiffness restricted motion - kyphosis: loss of normal lumbar curvature (chest pain/restricted chest movement)

Question 56

____: metabolic disorder that exhibits high levels of uric acid in the blood and other body fluids

Answer 56

gout

Question 57

name two causes of gout

Answer 57

- purine synthesis or breakdown is accelerated (increased uric acid in body) - poor uric acid secretion in the kidneys

Question 58

clinical manifestations of gout

Answer 58

crystals deposit in connective tissues throughout the body (joints: gouty arthritis; skin: small, visible nodules (tophi))

Question 59

treatments for gout

Answer 59

- drink lots of fluids/ infuse fluids through IV - antigout medications - besrest - weight reduction - avoidance of alcohol and dietary changes

Question 60

______: chronic widespread joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points in body

Answer 60

fibromyalgia

Question 61

_____: applied to a primary muscle disorder that affects muscle strength, tone, bulk

Answer 61

myopathy

Question 62

what is the most common cause of toxic myopathies

Answer 62

alcohol abuse

Question 63

_____: rare benign tumor of striated muscle

Answer 63

rhabdomyoma

Question 64

____: highly malignant tumor of striated muscle

Answer 64

rhabdomyosarcoma