Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function Flashcards
_____: break in the continuity of a bone due to external forces
fracture
_______ severity: bone is broken all the way through
complete
______ severity: bone is damaged but still in one piece
incomplete
_____ severity: skin is intact
closed (simple)
(can be complete or incomplete)
_______ severity: skin is broken
open (compound)
(can be complete or incomplete)
______ fracture: bone breaks into more than two fragments
comminuted
______ fracture: fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
linear
______ fracture: fracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
oblique
______ fracture: encircles the bone; often sign of child abuse
spiral
______ fracture: straight across the bone
transverse
______ fracture: small crack in bone
greenstick
______ fracture: longitudinal force is applied to a bone; often with long-term obesity
bowing
______ fracture: break occurs at the site of a preexisting disease (ex. cancer, osteoporosis)
pathologic
______ fracture: repeated fatigue; often in athletes
stress
what are the three types of improper reduction or immobilization
nonunion, delayed union, malunion
______: failure of the bone ends to grow together
nonunion
_____: improper reduction that may occur more than 8 months after a fracture
delayed union
______: bone does not heal straight
malunion
______: temporary displacement of bone from its joint
dislocation
_______: contact between the bones in the joint only partially lost
subluxation
what is the treatment for dislocation and subluxation
reduction and immobilization for 2-6 weeks followed by rehab exercises
how long do injuries to tendons and ligaments often take to heal
4-6 weeks or more
_____: tear or injury to a tendon
strain
______: tear to injury to a ligament
sprain
_______: complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment
avulsion
clinical manifestations of a tendon or ligament injury
- sharp, local pain often accompanied by swelling and changes in tendon or ligament contour
- may occur with dislocation or subluxation of bones
_____: inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis
_____: inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
where are bursa located
near tendons, muscles, and bony prominences
(filled with synovial fluid)
what is bursitis caused by
repeated trauma
____ bursitis is caused by wound infection
septic
_______: inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone
epicondylitis
_____: tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis
________: golfer’s elbow
medial epicondylitis
_______: life-threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss
rhabdomyolysis
(life threatening - crush syndromes vs crush injuries)
(limb threatening - compartment syndrome; one area of trauma)
rhabdomyolysis is the rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of what
the release of intracellular contents and myoglobin into extracellular space and bloodstream
clinical manifestations of rhabdomyolysis
classic triad = muscle pain, weakness, dark urine (from myoglobin)
_______: is porous, poorly mineralized bone
osteoporosis
clinical manifestations of osteoporosis
- bone deformity (most common)
- pain, pathologic fractures, kyphosis, diminished height
osteoporosis is a more than ____% loss of bone tissue
30%
prevention of osteoporosis
- regular moderate weightbearing exercises (walking)
- increase calcium and magnesium intake (similar to during adolescence)
______: “soft bones”
osteomalacia
(deficiency of vitamin D lowers the calcium absorption from the intestines)
____: state of increased metabolic activity in bone; bone resorption and formation are excessive
paget disease
paget disease does what to affected bones
enlarges and softens them
what skeleton does paget disease most often affect
axial skeleton (skull, spine, chest, pelvis)
________: infectious bone disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus
osteomyelitis
(spreads along the bone shaft or into the bone marrow)
osteomyelitis results in what
bone death due to ischemia (lack of blood flow to bone)
________: one of the most common forms of bone cancer; often occurs in patients with a history of exposure to radiation
osteosarcoma
where is osteosarcoma most often found
in long bones
_______: degenerative joint disease; inflammatory joint disease with loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of underlying bone, formation of bone spurs (osteophytes)
osteoarthritis
treatment of osteoarthritis
balanced diet, aerobic exercise, range-of-motion exercise, weight loss
(analgesic/antiinflammatory drug, rest of joints, cane, braces, walker, joint replacement)
_______: arthritis; inflammatory damage or destruction in the synovial membrane or articular cartilage
inflammatory joint disease
systemic signs of inflammation (inflammatory joint disease)
fever (infection), malaise, leukocytosis, anorexia, hyperfibrinogenemia
_______: systemic autoimmune destruction to synovial membrane and joints
rheumatoid arthritis
clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
- systemic joint swelling, joint deformities, joint fluid with inflammatory exudate
- systemic manifestations of inflammation
- painful, tender, stiff joints
- fever
- fatigue
- anorexia
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
_________: chronic inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints, causing stiffening and fusion of the peripheral joints
ankylosing spondylitis
clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis
low back pain, stiffness restricted motion
- kyphosis: loss of normal lumbar curvature
(chest pain/restricted chest movement)
____: metabolic disorder that exhibits high levels of uric acid in the blood and other body fluids
gout
name two causes of gout
- purine synthesis or breakdown is accelerated (increased uric acid in body)
- poor uric acid secretion in the kidneys
clinical manifestations of gout
crystals deposit in connective tissues throughout the body
(joints: gouty arthritis; skin: small, visible nodules (tophi))
treatments for gout
- drink lots of fluids/ infuse fluids through IV
- antigout medications
- besrest
- weight reduction
- avoidance of alcohol and dietary changes
______: chronic widespread joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points in body
fibromyalgia
_____: applied to a primary muscle disorder that affects muscle strength, tone, bulk
myopathy
what is the most common cause of toxic myopathies
alcohol abuse
_____: rare benign tumor of striated muscle
rhabdomyoma
____: highly malignant tumor of striated muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
