vitamins and coenzymes II Flashcards
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
ADEK
can we produce vitamin C?
no
what is the major condition associated with vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy: subcutaneous hemorrhage, aching bones/muscles/joints, and corkscrew hairs, swollen gums
name the three forms of vitamin A
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
what is the importance of vitamin A
Retinal is needed in the visual cycle, retinoic acid is used in regulating gene transcription and cell differentiation, and b-carotene can serve as an antioxidant
what two enzymes is vitamin c a cofactor for
collagen hydroxylases and dopamine b-hydroxylase
what are two big functions of vitamin c
antioxidant properties and acting as a reducing agent
what vitamin is important for collagen formation
vitamin c
what are conditions associated with vitamin a deficiency
night blindness, visual impairment, dry skin, impaired growth, wound repair issues
what are conditions associated with vitamin a toxicity
blurry vision, liver toxicity, skin changes, fatigue, birth defects, arthralgias
what are the prohormone and active forms of vitamin d
cholecalciferol and calcitriol
sun exposure can convert what into cholecalciferol?
cholesterol
cholecalciferol is associated with what ion’s absorption?
calcium
what are the functions of calcitriol?
Stimulates absorption of calcium by intestines, increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and promotes resorption of calcium in the bones.
what can lead to vitamin d deficiency?
Insufficient diet, poor liver or kidney function, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption of lipids can lead to vitamin D deficiency
describe conditions associated with vitamin d deficiency?
Rickets/osteomalacia: vitamin d deficiency; softening of the bone
Specify the two major forms of vitamin E
a-Tocopherol: most biologically active
tocotrienal
describe the functions of vitamin E
they function as an antioxidant/neutralize ROS on other lipids. Protects polyunsaturated acids in membrane lipids.
what are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency
Deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, retinal degeneration, and myopathy
After vitamin E neutralizes an ROS, what other vitamin neutralizes vitamin E
vitamin c
what are the two inactive forms of vitamin K
K1: phylloquinone
K2: menaquinone: we produce this in the intestine
what is the active form of vitamin k
vitamin K hydroquinone
what are the functions of vitamin K
It is important for gamma-carboxylation; it converts glutamate on blood clotting factors and bone metabolic proteins into gamma-carboxy glutamate. This allows the residues to bind to calcium; important for the blood clotting cascade and bone metabolism
Describe how vitamin K deficiency occur, and the problems associated with this deficiency
If we can’t absorb lipids, can’t synthesize vitamin K, are taking anticoagulants, or are bulimic. Can lead to menstrual bleeding, bleeding of the gums or nose, and osteoporosis
