vitamins and coenzymes II

Question 1

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

ADEK

Question 2

can we produce vitamin C?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what is the major condition associated with vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 3

Scurvy: subcutaneous hemorrhage, aching bones/muscles/joints, and corkscrew hairs, swollen gums

Question 4

name the three forms of vitamin A

Answer 4

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Question 5

what is the importance of vitamin A

Answer 5

Retinal is needed in the visual cycle, retinoic acid is used in regulating gene transcription and cell differentiation, and b-carotene can serve as an antioxidant

Question 6

what two enzymes is vitamin c a cofactor for

Answer 6

collagen hydroxylases and dopamine b-hydroxylase

Question 7

what are two big functions of vitamin c

Answer 7

antioxidant properties and acting as a reducing agent

Question 8

what vitamin is important for collagen formation

Answer 8

vitamin c

Question 9

what are conditions associated with vitamin a deficiency

Answer 9

night blindness, visual impairment, dry skin, impaired growth, wound repair issues

Question 10

what are conditions associated with vitamin a toxicity

Answer 10

blurry vision, liver toxicity, skin changes, fatigue, birth defects, arthralgias

Question 11

what are the prohormone and active forms of vitamin d

Answer 11

cholecalciferol and calcitriol

Question 12

sun exposure can convert what into cholecalciferol?

Answer 12

cholesterol

Question 13

cholecalciferol is associated with what ion’s absorption?

Answer 13

calcium

Question 14

what are the functions of calcitriol?

Answer 14

Stimulates absorption of calcium by intestines, increases reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and promotes resorption of calcium in the bones.

Question 15

what can lead to vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 15

Insufficient diet, poor liver or kidney function, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption of lipids can lead to vitamin D deficiency

Question 16

describe conditions associated with vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 16

Rickets/osteomalacia: vitamin d deficiency; softening of the bone

Question 17

Specify the two major forms of vitamin E

Answer 17

a-Tocopherol: most biologically active

tocotrienal

Question 18

describe the functions of vitamin E

Answer 18

they function as an antioxidant/neutralize ROS on other lipids. Protects polyunsaturated acids in membrane lipids.

Question 19

what are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

Answer 19

Deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, retinal degeneration, and myopathy

Question 20

After vitamin E neutralizes an ROS, what other vitamin neutralizes vitamin E

Answer 20

vitamin c

Question 21

what are the two inactive forms of vitamin K

Answer 21

K1: phylloquinone
K2: menaquinone: we produce this in the intestine

Question 22

what is the active form of vitamin k

Answer 22

vitamin K hydroquinone

Question 23

what are the functions of vitamin K

Answer 23

It is important for gamma-carboxylation; it converts glutamate on blood clotting factors and bone metabolic proteins into gamma-carboxy glutamate. This allows the residues to bind to calcium; important for the blood clotting cascade and bone metabolism

Question 24

Describe how vitamin K deficiency occur, and the problems associated with this deficiency

Answer 24

If we can’t absorb lipids, can’t synthesize vitamin K, are taking anticoagulants, or are bulimic. Can lead to menstrual bleeding, bleeding of the gums or nose, and osteoporosis