SFP: CNS neurons and neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the differences between gray matter and white matter

A

White matter is largely axons, while grey matter is mostly cells

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2
Q

Describe the location of grey and white matter in the spinal cord and brain

A

In the cord, white matter is on the outside and grey matter is on the inside. In the brain, grey matter is on the outside and white Matter is on the inside

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3
Q

Describe nuclei

A

clusters of neurons in the CNS

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4
Q

describe ganglia

A

clusters of neurons in the PNS

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5
Q

describe cortex

A

layers of cell bodies (grey matter) found on the outside of the brain

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6
Q

describe nerves

A

bundle of axons in the PNS

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7
Q

describe tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

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8
Q

describe the function of neurons

A

signal processing and communication cells in the nervous system

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9
Q

what are nissl bodies?

A

ribosomes in neurons

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10
Q

do neurons undergo mitosis?

A

no!

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11
Q

what are the major structural components of a neuron?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, synaptic bouton

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12
Q

what is the functional role of dendrites?

A

they receive input from neighboring neurons

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13
Q

describe dendtritic spines

A

small protrusions on dendrites that contain receptors for neurotransmitters and are associated with synaptic contacts.

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14
Q

what is associated with more dendritic spines

A

having more dendritic spines is associated with greater synaptic capacity and efficacy

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15
Q

describe the cell body

A

where metabolic support occurs; lots of mitochondria and nissl bodies

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16
Q

describe axons

A

this is where action potentials take place; have microtubules to move neurotransmitters. Neurons have only one axon, but it can branch

17
Q

describe axon terminals (synaptic boutons)

A

Site of signal transfer from one neuron to the next; they have vesicles containing neurotransmitter

18
Q

describe the release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals

A

The presynaptic neuron has vesicles containing neurotransmitters. The cascade of events following an action potential causes the release of these neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

19
Q

describe anterograde axonal transport

A

Transport away from the cell body, which is very common for neurotransmitters. the process uses the microtubule kinesin

20
Q

describe retrograde axonal transport

A

Transport from the axon terminal toward the cell body. This is very common with growth factors so they can aid with transcription/translation in the cell body. the process uses the microtubule dynein

21
Q

Differentiate between afferent and efferent neurons

A

Afferent move stimuli towards the CNS, while efferent move stimuli away from the CNS

22
Q

Name the types of neuroglia and the basic function of neuroglia.

A

They are support cells, and heavily outweigh neurons in number. They big types are astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

23
Q

Describe the structural and functional characteristics of astrocytes

A

They maintain the environment around neurons; gather up excess glutamate, play a role in the blood-brain barrier, and are bound by tight junctions. They also take up ions from the extra cellular fluid

24
Q

describe oligodendrocytes

A

They are important for making myelin and providing support. One oligodendrocytes can myelinate many axons

25
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

They line the ventricles of the brain and regulate CSF. These are bound by tight junctions. They contain cilia to help circulate CSF and are found at the choroid plexus to form CSF

26
Q

describe microglia

A

The macrophages of the brain. They respond to trauma, infection, and other injury. They activate and become motile and recruit other cells. With neurodegeneration, we see a lot of activated microglia

27
Q

which glial cells release ROS and cytokines?

A

microglia

28
Q

what do nissl stains show? are there cell bodies visible?

A

gray matter; cell bodies present

29
Q

what do myelin stains show? are there cell bodies visible?

A

white matter; no cell bodies present

30
Q

describe convergence and divergence

A

convergence: single neuron can receive input from many sources.

divergence: one axon can branch to impact cells in different locations.

31
Q

convergence and divergence are seen in what kinds of neurons?

A

motor; sensory