Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin B1

Answer 1

Thiamine

Question 2

Vitamin B2

Answer 2

Riboflavin

Question 3

Vitamin B3

Answer 3

Niacin

Question 4

Vitamin B5

Answer 4

Pyridoxine

Question 5

Vitamin B9

Answer 5

Folate

Question 6

Vitamin B12

Answer 6

Cobalamin

Question 7

Beri Beri (Peripheral neuropathy, Heart failure); Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 7

Thiamine

Question 8

Angular cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, normocytic anemia

Answer 8

Riboflavin

Question 9

Pellagra: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death; Peripheral neuropathy

Answer 9

Niacin

Question 10

Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia

Answer 10

Pyridoxine

Question 11

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects (fetus)

Answer 11

Folate

Question 12

Megaloblastic anemia and neurological deficitis

Answer 12

Cobalamin

Question 13

Scurvy

Answer 13

Vitamin C

Question 14

Thiamine

Answer 14

Decarboxylation of alpha keto acids (Carbohydrate metabolism)

Question 15

Riboflavin

Answer 15

Mitochondrial electron carrier (FMN, FAD)

Question 16

Niacin

Answer 16

Electron transfer reaction (NAD, NADP)

Question 17

Pyridoxine

Answer 17

Transamination of amino acids (Amino acid synthesis)

Question 18

Folate

Answer 18

Hydroxymethyl/formyl carrier (purine and thiamine synthesis)

Question 19

Cobalamin

Answer 19

Isomerase and methyltransferase cofactor (DNA and methionine synthesis)

Question 20

Ascorbic acid

Answer 20

Hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synthesis)

Question 21

Night blindness; dry, scaly skin; corneal degeneration; Bitot spots on conjunctiva; immunosuppression

Answer 21

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 22

Vitamin B1 function (reactions and pathways)

Answer 22

Thiamine pyrophosphate cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes: ATP: Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle), Transketolase (HMP shunt), Pyruvate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Question 23

Polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

Answer 23

Dry beriberi

Question 24

High-output cardiac failure (dilate cardiomyopathy), edema

Answer 24

Wet beriberi

Question 25

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, personality change, memory loss (permanent)

Answer 25

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; damage to medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and mammillary bodies

Question 26

Vitamin B2 function

Answer 26

FAD and FMN used as cofactors in redox reactions: succinate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)

Question 27

Vitamin B3 function

Answer 27

NADH and NADPH (derived from tryptophan) used in redox reactions:

Question 28

Vitamin B5 function

Answer 28

Component of Coenzyme A: used in acyl transfers and fatty acid synthase

Question 29

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

Answer 29

Panthothenic acid (B5) deficiency

Question 30

Vitamin B6 function

Answer 30

Converted to Pyridoxal phosphate used as a cofactor for transamination (ALT and AST), decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase. Synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, neurotransmitters including serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA.

Question 31

Vitamin B7 function

Answer 31

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (that add 1 C): Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA)

Question 32

Vitamin B9 function

Answer 32

Converted to tetrahydrofolic acid: 1 C transfers: synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

Question 33

Vitamin B12 function

Answer 33

Cofactor (transfers CH3 group) for methionine synthase (homocysteine to methionine) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (for heme synthesis or TCA cycle intermediate)

Question 34

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic), dysgeusia, anosmia, acrodermatitis enteropathica

Answer 34

Zinc deficiency

Question 35

Kwashiorkor

Answer 35

Protein deficiency: MEAL--Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty); small child with swollen abdomen

Question 36

Marasmus

Answer 36

Total calorie malnutrition resulting in emaciation (tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat)