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Digestive System > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

RDI means

A

Recommended Daily Intake.
Average amount of nutrient considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic per day
This is a non-specific population based number. ‘two standard deviations away from the mean’

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2
Q

EAR

A

Estimated Average Requirement. Expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group. Halfway (peak) of population.
Lies in the marginal deficiency zone.

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3
Q

AI

A

Average Intake. Used when you have limited/inconsistent data and RDI and EAR.

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4
Q

NRV

A

Nutrient Reference Values. Extremely complicated

Naive View: Danger > RDI > safety
Accurate View: danger of deficiency > marginal > safety> RDI/AI > safety > marginal > danger of toxicity

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5
Q

How do you find peoples needed nutrient intakes, why is this hard?

A

You need to completely remove it, in doing so often removing entire food group/s, and then gradually increase until optimal health

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6
Q

Above RDI/AI

A

margin of safety > margin of toxicity > danger of toxicity

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7
Q

Below RDI/AI

A

margin of safety > margin of deficiency > danger of deficiency

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8
Q

List the water soluble Vitamins..

A 
" I want to B by the C to see Fish Bitch"
B vitamins
Vitamin C
Folate
Biotin
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9
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins

A

“DrAKE”

vitamins D, A, K, E

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10
Q 
Water soluble
Absorption:
Transport:
Storage:
Excretion:
Toxicity
Requirements:
A

Absorption: directly into blood
Transport: freely in blood
Storage: circulate in water-filled areas
Excretion: via kidneys (detect excess) in urine
Toxicity: possible with supplements
Requirements: Frequent doses every 1-3 days

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11
Q 
Fat Soluble
Absorption:
Transport:
Storage:
Excretion:
Toxicity:
Requirements:
A

Absorption: > lymph > blood
Transport: often require protein carriers
Storage: stored in cells associated with fat
Excretion: tends to remain in storage
Toxicity; likely to reach, especially with supplements
Requirements: rarely, months

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12
Q

Factors affecting bioavailability (think broccoli)

A 
Health status
Previous nutrient intake
Food/prep (boiling loses nutrients)
Other foods consumed simultaneously
source: synthetic/natural
Effectiveness of digestion/transit time
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13
Q

B vitamins

A 
"The Really Nice Pitapit Comes w Falafel"
Thiomin 1
Riboflavin 2
Niacin 3
Pyridaxine 6
Cobalamin 12
Folate 19
Pantothenic acid 5
Biotin 7
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14
Q

What will a deficiency of B vitamins affect?

A

A large number of systems, energy production and the ability to produce specific aa.

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15
Q

Thiamine (B1) is involved in?

A

Glycolysis: pyruvate»»> actyl coA (via TPP)

Conversion of keto acids: Some aa&raquo_space; some aa (via TPP)

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16
Q

Specifically what will a deficiency of thiamine lead to. What is this called?

A
  • decreased energy production and specific aa
    -decreased hormone production
    Wet Beriberi and Dry Beriberi
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17
Q

Wet Beriberi Symptoms

A

due to thiamine deficiency. ‘wet’ (edema)

  • swelling/ oedema
  • tachycardia
  • lung congestion
  • congestive heart failure

CVD
You can press hole into skin

18
Q

Dry Beriberi Symptoms

A

pain/tingling (dermititis)
Loss of sensation of hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)
muscle wasting (loss of lower extremity function)
brain damage/ death

NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

19
Q

Where is beriberi endemic? Apart from wet/dry what other beriberi exists

A

in countries that use rice as a staple food source, and the rice is refined (husk removed), and you lose the thiamine.

Also in prisons

Infant Beriberi exists

20
Q

In the western world, what is the main cause of thiamine deficiency. What does this lead to?

A

Alcoholism. Because its involved in removal of alcohol from liver and carb metabolism.

Wernicke-encephalopathy: alcohol related brain-damage. Language, walking issues, unusual eye movement.

Korsakoff Syndrome: amnesia, inability to learn, confabulation

21
Q

How does folate (B9) occur. How is it absorbed?

A

Naturally as polyglutamate
fortified foods and supplements as monoglutamate

in the intestines, digestion breaks glutamates off and adds a methyl group. Folate absorbed and delivered to ce;;s/

22
Q

Folate deficiency and B12

A

will decrease

23
Q

Folate deficiency causes

A

1) Megoblastic anaemia- large, unorganised, disrupted shape
2) Neural Tube Defects- mainly spina bifida. CNS developed early ~5-8 weeks.
mothers need folate EARLY (4wk before, 12wks after)
3) Elevated risk of cancer and CVD

24
Q

Spina Bifida

A

inability of spinal cord to completely close off. Spinal cord on the outside of the body. Leads to paralysis of lower limbs

25
Q

Causes of low folate

A

1) Low dietary intake (green leafy)
2) Low intestinal absorption
3) High alcohol intake > decreased absorption
4) Pregnancy = increased folate required for GROWTH

26
Q

How much/why do women need folate during pregnancy? Why does this often not occur?

A

800 micrograms 4 wks prior
5000micrograms 12 wks post

due to an increased growth. To avoid NTD
NZ= 12-14 per 10,000
countries w mandatory fortification= 7-9 per 10,000

BUT women often don’t know they’re pregnant! (50% unplanned pregnancies)

27
Q

% of women using folate for planned vs unplanned pregnancies

A

Unplanned: 9%
Planned: 58%

28
Q

How does vitamin A and Beta-carotene aid vision

A 
Retinyl ester (animal)   >   retinol
Beta-carotene (plant) > retinal

Retinol retinal > retinoic acid

1) light enters eye, hits pigments at back of eye
2) Rhodopsin absorb (opsin + cis-retinal)
3) cis-retinal > trans-retinal which triggers a nerve impulse to brain, we see light

29
Q

Night vision if impaired with a deficiency of

A

Vitamin A

30
Q

skin bumps, redness caused by vitamin A deficiency is called?

A

Deficiency syndrome keratinisation

31
Q

Vitamin a and the mucosal membrane?

A

Maintain healthy cells, without, the normal structure and function of these mucosal cells is impaired.

32
Q

Beta-carotene is?

A

Precursor of Vitamin A, changed to vitamin A in the body (retinol)

33
Q

Vitamin A toxicity can occur by? Can this be reversed?

A

Beta-carotene: overconsumption, inefficient conversion (yellow skin)
Can be reversed as BC is water soluble
Retinol: overconsumption of supplements (liver damage)

34
Q

Types of vitamin D

A

Calciferol
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (active hydroxylated)
Vitamin D3 (animal)
Vitamin D2 (plant)

35
Q

Precursor of vitamin D

A

bodies own cholesterol, precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol made in liver

36
Q

How do we get vitamin D from ‘sunlight’

A

7-dehydrocholesterol > (UV) > pre-vitamin D3 (+foods) > inactive vitamin D3 > 25-hydoxyvitamin D3 (liver) > 1, 25 dehydroxyvitamin D3 (kidneys

37
Q

Main food sources of vitamin D? RDI?

A

RDI= 400units/day

cod liver oil
salmon
sardines

38
Q

Function of Vitamin D?

A

important for Calcium > muscle and bone growth/development

Regu;ates BP and insulin

Regulates cell growth and immune function

39
Q

Vitamin D deficiency results in…

Who is most at risk, and when

A

1) Rickets: children, bowlegging due to poor bone formation around weight-bearing time
2) osteomalacia: adults

Risk for: recent migrantsm darker skin, religions that cover skin

also during winter months

40
Q

Who needs Vitamin/ mineral supplements?

A

Poor nutrient intake (elderly, dieters, adolescents, vegetarians)
–
Increased nutrient requirements (children, pregnancy/ lactation)
–
Increased metabolic demands (surgery/trauma/fracture)
–
Maldigestion or malabsorption (liver disease, GI, diarrhea)
–
Drug-nutrient interactions (prednisone/vit D, diuretics/K,Mg)
–
Medical treatment interactions (chemo/radiation)

Digestive System (27 decks)

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