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Digestive System > Pancreas and Liver Microanatomy > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pancreas structured

A

lobules with ducts

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2
Q

Appearance and structure of exocrine pancreatic cells

A 
Dark staining (due to zymogen granules). Granular appearance
Arranged as pancreatic acini
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3
Q

Appearance and structure of endocrine pancreatic cells

A

Light/pale staining cells, arranged in clusters, embedded among exocrine cells.
Form Islets of Langerhans

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4
Q

Function of Ductule cells

A

To produce HCO3-

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5
Q

Function of exocrine pancreatic cells

A

to produce digestive enzymes, fluids and electrolytes

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6
Q

Function of the endocrine pancreatic cells

A

Produce hormones to control blood sugar

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7
Q

exocrine pancreatic gland?

A

tubulo-acinar gland with highly branched ducts

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8
Q

What is the exocrine pancreatic gland similar to?

A

parotid gland (serous)

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9
Q

Acini

A

contain 5-8 pyramid-shaped cells surrounding a tiny lumen.
Large spherical nucleus in the basal position
Mitochondria perpendicular to the basal surface.

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10
Q

How tiny is the pancreatic acinar lumens?

A

Too small to see with a light microscope

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11
Q

where are protein secretory products (enzymes) synthesised in the pancreas

A

Basal rER, packaged in the golgi, and accumulated as zymogen granules in the apical cytoplasm of exocrine acinar cells.

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12
Q

Acini produce

A

A small volume of enzyme rich fluid.

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13
Q

Duct cells produce

A

Bicarbonate and a large volume of alkaline fluid ~1L/day

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14
Q

What is the path of product drainage from the acini to the duodenum?

A

intercalated ducts > intralobular ducts > interlobular ducts > pancreatic duct > Ampulla of Vater > duodenum

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15
Q

Intercalated duct cells that penetrate the lumen of acini are called?

A

Centro-acinar cells’

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16
Q

Some Liver functions

A 
Exocrine
endocrine
synthesis (albumin, prothrombin, bile)
storage (glycogen)
detoxification
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17
Q

What runs between the radiating columns of hepatocytes, and what is their function

A

Sinusoids. (special capillary)
Carry the mixed blood flow from branches of the portal vein/ hepatic artery to drain into the central vein.
As blood flows through sinusoids oxygen and nutrients are diffused into adjacent hepatocytes down their concentration gradient.

18
Q

What lines the sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells.

19
Q

The central veins position, purpose and journey.

A

Position: Centre of liver lobule
Purpose: collects blood from the lobule sinusoids
Journey: Central veins collect > hepatic veins > IVC

20
Q

Why are the sinusoids arranged the way they are?

A

To ensure maximal exposure of the hepatocytes to a blood supply.
Ensure a good supply of nutrients, keeps them nourished

21
Q

What encases the liver lobules?

A

Interlobular Septa
made of CT
-with collagen, BV’s and nerves

22
Q

What are liver lobules meant to look like?

A

a hexogonal shape, but this often isn’t the reality

23
Q

Classical anatomical shape within the liver

A

hexagonal shape. Formed by the hepatic lobule. Each edge has a portal space

24
Q

Functional unit of the liver?

A

Liver acinus.

Diamond that radiates from the branches interlobular septa/portal triad out to the central veins.

25
Q

Portal lobule looks like?

A

Triangle (points are the central veins). The bile drains through canaliculi in the hepatocytes to the bile duct.

26
Q

Portal space contains

A

CT and a portal triad

27
Q

Branch of the Hepatic portal vein under the microscope looks?

A
  • thin walled

- large lumen (therefore low pressure)

28
Q

Branch of the Hepatic artery proper looks like

A

thicker muscular wall

relatively smaller lumen (therefore higher systemic pressure)

29
Q

Contribution of blood to the liver?

A

75% From hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich)

25% from Hepatic artery Proper (oxygen rich)

30
Q

path of blood from a branch of the portal vein to the IVC

A

branch of portal vein > {intermediates} > lobule sinusoid > central vein > (hepatic vein > collecting vein > intercalated vein) > IVC

31
Q

branching from portal triad

A

PHA: no branches, straight into sinusoid
PV: intermediate vessels, then to sinusoids

32
Q

How does the richness of the blood change from the centre of the hepatic acinus to the central veins? How is this classified?

A

Decreases the richness as oxygen and nutrients move into hepatocytes down their diffusion gradient.
Creates Zones of differential richness = zones 1, 2 and 3

33
Q

What do these zones represent?

A

That different hepatocytes in different regions of the liver will have different enzyme profiles due to different functions.
These will react differently to disease.

34
Q

the two important cells to know about with hepatocytes?

A

Stellate cells

Kupffer cells

35
Q

Kupffer cells

A

In the lumen of the sinusoid, ‘hoover’ any luminal obstructions.
Macrophage-like, stop obstruction, antibacterial cells

36
Q

Stellate cells

A

found in the ‘Space of Disse’ (lymphatic space between endothelium and hepatocyte microvilli)

  • fat storing
  • have a role in vitamin A metabolism
  • have implications in scarring with liver damage
37
Q

How are sinusoids different to regular capillaries?

A
  • they are wider then capillaries, can fit more then one RBC through (upto ten). Faster flow.
  • More leaky (More diffusion)
38
Q

Hepatocyte shape is? What in their structure is commonly changed?

A

Polygonal
1) Bi-nucleate (2x nuclei) or polyploid (2x DNA in nucleus) cells
this is bc they undergo such a high rate of regeneration and cell division.

2) Distribution/abundance of organelles change : dependent on what zone they are in

39
Q

The endothelium of liver?

A

Lines sinusoids.

Intercellular openings, as well as being fenestrated (more leaky for increased diffusion)

40
Q

How does bile drain?

A

canaculi > bile ductules > bile duct

41
Q

Canniliculi are?

A

Channels between adjacent hepatocytes
Membranous in-foldings (not made of cells) that create channels for bile to flow through
Proteins help to seal canaliculi at occluding junctions

Digestive System (27 decks)

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